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By examining historical applications of the compounds found in plants, this five-volume series serves as a reference for quality assurance, research, product development, and regulatory guidance of the compounds found in plant-based medicines. This work supports the growing consumers' interest in herbal medicine for wellness and health. Plant-Based Therapeutics, Volume 1: Cannabis sativa, the first in the series, covers a unique plant species and provides the framework to integrate its evidence-based scientific discoveries with healthcare therapies. Cannabis has been used in religious ceremonies and medical purposes for thousands of years. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychoactive component of Cannabis, was isolated in the 1940s, and its structure was established in the 1960s. In 1964 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component, was isolated. Cannabis has more than 500 components, of which 104 cannabinoids have been identified. Two of them, THC and CBD, have been the primary components of scientific investigations. They were approved by the FDA for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in 1985; for appetite stimulation in wasting conditions, such as AIDS, in 1992, and in 2018 for treating two forms of pediatric epilepsy, Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Beyond the indications for which cannabinoids are FDA-approved, the evidence reveals that cannabinoid receptors are present throughout the body, embedded in cell membranes, and are believed to be more numerous than any other receptor system. When cannabinoid receptors are stimulated, a variety of physiologic processes ensue. Thus, other constituents of Cannabis are extremely promising either as individual compounds or their potential synergistic or entourage effects in the treatment of numerous medical conditions.
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 The History of CannabisBotanical Description
Origin and Distribution
Chapter 2 The Bioactive Components of PlantsFlavonoids
Proteins and PeptidesGlycosides
Alkaloids
Lignans
Resins
Saponins
ReferencesChapter 3 Chemical Constituents of Cannabis ReferencesChapter 4 The Bioactive Components of CannabisThe Endocannabinoid System
The Entourage Effect of the Phytochemicals
Biosynthetic Pathways
Cannabinoid Receptors
Endocannabinoids in the Circulation
Endocannabinoids and Food
Endocannabinoids and Body Mass Index Endocannabinoid and Circadian Rhythm Endocannabinoids and Exercise Endocannabinoids and Inflammation The Endocannabinoids and Stress Endocannabinoids and Chronic SNS or HPA Axis Activation Endocannabinoids in Reward, Anxiety, and Cognition Endocannabinoids and Cognitive Functions The Endocannabinoids and Pain Terpenes Phenols Trichomes Adverse Effects of CannabinoidsReferences
Chapter 5 Neurological Effects of Cannabis Factors Affecting the Impact of Cannabis Use on the BrainErrors in Monitoring Awareness, Reward Processing, and Affective ProcessingFunctional MRI Studies on Cannabis
Endocannabinoid-Mediated LTP in LearningThe Homosynaptic and Heterosynaptic eCB-Mediated Potentiation
Memory and Cognitive Impairments Cannabis on Attention and Working MemoryCannabis and Spatial Working Memory
Cannabis and Executive FunctionNeuropsychological Functioning in First-Episode Psychosis
Cannabis and Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cells
Cannabis and Audio/Visual/Verbal Memories
Cannabis and Motor skillsCannabis and the Mismatch Negativity
Cannabis and Traumatic Brain Injury
The Cognitive and Emotional Impairments Induced by Carotid Artery Occlusion
Relapse/Reinstatement of Drug-seeking Behavior
Dysregulatory Risk Factor
Cannabis and Driving
Cannabis and Microglia Function
Endocannabinoids and AstrocytesCannabis and α2A-Adrenoceptor
Cannabis and Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase
Cannabis and Cyclooxygenase-2
Neurobiological Alterations during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Cannabis in Adolescence
Cannabis and Schizophrenia
Cannabis and Bipolar Disorder
Cannabis in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's DiseasesCannabis and Alcohol Consumption
Cannabis and Tobacco Co-administration Medical vs. Recreational Cannabis UseCannabis Flowers vs. Concentrate
Acute Administration of Delta-9-THC vs. CBD
Delta-9-THC vs. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin
Delta-8-THC vs. Delta-9-THC
Drug Addiction Cannabinoids and Pain Cannabis and Gender DifferencesCannabis and HIV
Cannabis on Heart Rate and EEG
The Residual Impact of Cannabis Therapeutic Perspectives ReferencesChapter 6 Psychotropic Effects of Cannabis Structural and Functional Effects of Cannabis on the BrainCannabinoids on Physical and Mental Health
Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Psychosis
The Endocannabinoid System and HPA Axis Regulation
Cannabis and Auditory Evoked Mismatch Negativity
Cannabis on Cognitive Performance
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannibidiol and Psychosis
The Anti-psychotic Properties of Cannabidiol
First Episode Psychosis
Cannabidiol on Anxiety, Depression, and Psychosis
Bipolar Disorder
Addictive and Psychiatric Comorbidity
Motor and Cognitive Impairments
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Implicit and Explicit Psychotic Disorders
Delta-9-THC and CDB on Cognitive FunctionsPsychosis and Schizophrenia
Dependence and Behavioral Disturbances
Cannabis and Pregnancy
Cannabis and the Vulnerable Adolescent Group
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Schizophrenia-like PsychosesCannabis and Psychosocial Stress
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Cannabidiol and Parkinson’s PatientsMetabolic Dysregulation
Creatine Kinase Elevation
The Cardiac Electrophysiological Effects of Cannabidiol
References
Chapter 7 The Analgesic effects of CannabisRoutes of Administration
Modulation of Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Pathological or Injury-related Persistent Pain
The Antinociceptive Effects of Delta-9-THC
Terpenes in Cannabis-mediated Analgesia
Co-administration of Cannabis and Opoid
Cannabidiol and the Serotonin (5-HT)1A Receptor
TRPV1 as a Target of the Therapeutic Potential of Myrcene
Cannabinoids and the Glycine ReceptorsGender Differences in Cannabinoid-mediated Antinociceptive Effects
Cannabidiol and Osteoarthritis
Rheumatologic Pain
Cannabis in Acute Pain and Hyperalgesia
The Endocannabinoid System and Integumentary WoundsThe Endocannabinoid System in Female Reproduction
The Cannabis Flower in Pain Management
Cannabis in Capsaicin-induced Pain
Cannabis use Pre-operatively
Cannabis and Post-operative Pain
The Tetrad Effects - Analgesia, Hypothermia, Catalepsy, and Suppressed LocomotionStress-induced Ulcerogenesis
Cannabis and the Psychotropic Side Effects in Migraine Pain
Capsaicin in Cannabinoid Hyperemesis
The Analgesic Effects of MAGL and FAAH Inhibitors
The Endocannabinoid System and Glutamate N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Synthetic Cannabinoids on the Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Responses
Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis
Cannabis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Cannabis in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
References
Chapter 8 Cannabis and Perinatal DevelopmentEye Disorders in Infants Prenatally Exposed to Opioids, Cocaine, and Cannabis
Adverse Neonatal Outcomes
Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome
Cannabis during Lactation
Adult Working Memory
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Cannabis, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cocaine
Modes of Cannabis Administration
Stressful Life Events and Cannabis Use
The Demographics of Cannabis Consumption
The Association of Prenatal Substance use with Prenatal and Postpartum Care
Patterns of Maternal Cannabis use Predicted Offspring Substance Use
Encephalograms in Prenatal Exposure to Cannabis
Cannabis and Children’s Dental Health
Cannabis and Maternal Choline
Cannabis and Tobacco Use
Maternal and Paternal Tobacco and Cannabis Use
Cannabis use and Fetal Birth Weight
Cannabis and Tobacco Use
Prenatal Cannabis Exposure
Development and Infancy Study of Prenatal Drug Use
The Genetics of Cannabis use Behavior
The Impact of Cannabis Laws on Cannabis Use
The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Physiological and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Cannabis Exposure
Genetic Involvement in Cannabis Exposure
Cannabinoids and the Immune SystemCannabis use and the Perception of the User during Pregnancy
Maternal Age and Cannabis Use
Pregnancy Risk AssessmentCannabis in Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy
Parental Cannabis use on Child Development
Prenatal Tobacco and Co-exposure to Tobacco and CannabisPrenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Delta-9-THC
Prenatal Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Exposures
Prenatal Exposures to Adult Electronic Cigarette
Prenatal Cannabis Exposure on Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Endpoints
Cannabis and Prenatal Choline on Fetal Brain Development
In Utero Exposure to Cannabis, Tobacco, and Cocaine
Cannabis use Late in Pregnancy
Infant Neurobehavioral DevelopmentTobacco and Cannabis Exposure on Child Behavior Problems
The Hypothalamic/Pituitary/Adrenal Axis
Somatometric Alterations and Risk Factors
Child Maltreatment and its Association with Cannabis Use
Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Transport-related Injuries
Postpartum Exposure to Cannabis and Tobacco on Immune Function
ReferencesChapter 9 Cannabis and Multiple SclerosisThe Endocannabinoid System and MS
Cannabigerol in Multiple SclerosisCannabis for Spasticity Symptoms and Neuropathic Pain
Cannabis-based Treatments for Tremors
Cannabis and Cognitive Impairment
Cannabis on Processing Speed, Memory, and Executive Functioning
Acute Effects of Cannabis Use
Chronic Effects of Cannabis Use
Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Young Cannabis Users
The Effects of Cannabis on Serum CytokinesCannabis Consumption and Urinary Functions
Glucose Uptake and Cognitive Functions in Multiple Sclerosis Physical and Psychological Impact CannabisCannabis Use in Depression
Pain Management in MS
Immunomodulatory Effects of Cannabinoids
Cannabis and Cytochrome P450
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Cannabidiol Risk Factors of Multiple Sclerosis ReferencesChapter 10 Cannabis and CancerEndocannabinoids and Cancer
Cannabinoids and CancerCell Cycle Progression
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Angiogenesis
Cytotoxicity
Pancreatic CancerGlioblastoma, Glioma, and Neuroblastoma
Lung CancerUrogenital Cancer
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Prostate Cancer MyelomaOral Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
MelanomaHepatocellular Carcinoma
Endometrial and Cervical Cancers
Breast CancerBone Cancer
Leukemia
Cannabis and Tobacco
Cannabis in Immunotherapy
Cannabis and Radiation Therapy
References
Chapter 11 Cannabis and Parkinson’s diseaseThe Endocannabinoid System and Parkinson’s disease
Cannabinoids and Parkinson's disease
Cannabis Use and Dopaminergic Gene Polymorphism
Parkinson's disease and Complementary Therapies
Synthetic Cannabinoids and Parkinson’s disease
Opiates and Parkinson's diseaseMorphine and Parkinson's disease
Cocaine and Parkinson's disease
Amphetamines and Parkinson’s disease
Innovative Therapies in Parkinson’s diseaseReferences
Chapter 12 Cannabis and the Skin
Keratinocyte Proliferation Melanocytes Kaposi's sarcoma PsoriasisAcne Vulgaris and Seborrhea
Alopecia and Hair Growth DisordersPruritus
Atopic Dermatitis
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Systemic Sclerosis
Cutaneous Melanoma
Dermatomyositis Cutaneous Lupus ErythematosusEpidermolysis Bullosa
Wound Healing and Skin AgingReferences
Chapter 13 Antiviral Activities of CannabisImmune Response
Hepatitis Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Influenza Virus
Coronavirus
References
Chapter 14 Alkaline Phosphatase Stimulation
CDB and MethylsulfonylmethaneCannabis and Alcohol Co-administration
Cannabis and β-Carotene
Cannabis and Dill Seeds on Gut Health
Cannabis and Physical Health
Cannabidiol for Enhancing Osteoblastic Differentiation
Cannabis and Spermatogenesis
Cannabidiol and Liver Tests
Cannabidiol and Sublesional Bone Loss
Delta-9-THC and the Anticancer Drug Irinotecan
References
Ivan A. Ross, Biologist (Ret'd), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), participated in planning and conducting toxicology research projects and related programs and policies to ensure they meet the needs of the United States of America's food programs and responsibilities. He also developed, validated, and documented state-of-the-art analytical methods for specific specimens, compounds, or classes of compounds as necessary for increased efficiency and assurance of accuracy. Dr. Ross has published several research articles and four volumes of reference books, Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional, and Modern Medicinal Uses with Humana Press (now a Springer Imprint).
By examining historical applications of the compounds found in plants, this five-volume series serves as a reference for quality assurance, research, product development, and regulatory guidance of the compounds found in plant-based medicines. This work supports the growing consumers' interest in herbal medicine for wellness and health.
Plant-Based Therapeutics, Volume 1: Cannabis sativa, the first in the series, covers a unique plant species and provides the framework to integrate its evidence-based scientific discoveries with healthcare therapies. Cannabis has been used in religious ceremonies and medical purposes for thousands of years. Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychoactive component of Cannabis, was isolated in the 1940s, and its structure was established in the 1960s. In 1964 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component, was isolated.
Cannabis has more than 500 components, of which 104 cannabinoids have been identified. Two of them, THC and CBD, have been the primary components of scientific investigations. They were approved by the FDA for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in 1985; for appetite stimulation in wasting conditions, such as AIDS, in 1992, and in 2018 for treating two forms of pediatric epilepsy, Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Beyond the indications for which cannabinoids are FDA-approved, the evidence reveals that cannabinoid receptors are present throughout the body, embedded in cell membranes, and are believed to be more numerous than any other receptor system. When cannabinoid receptors are stimulated, a variety of physiologic processes ensue. Thus, other constituents of Cannabis are extremely promising either as individual compounds or their potential synergistic or entourage effects in the treatment of numerous medical conditions.
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