Placental Vascularization and Blood Flow: Basic Research and Clinical Applications

ISBN-13: 9781461581116 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 370 str.

Miller, R. K.

Opis

The optimal function of the placenta and thus fetal well being largely depends upon the integrity of both the fetal and maternal circulations of the placenta. Intense basic research concerned with placental vascularization and blood flow has been performed for the past 30 years, beginning with the classical morphological descriptions of the placental vessels by Boe (1953) and Arts (1961), as well as with the radioangiographic studies of maternal placental circulation in the human by Borell (1958) and in the rhesus monkey by Ramsey (1962). The scientific framework presented by these investigators has been filled and completed by numerous investigators, leading to more morphological details, functional considerations, and pathological understanding. For an extended period of time, this research has been of primarily academic interest by increasing our insights into one important system of the placenta, yet having nearly no practical importance. Recently, this situation has changed dramatically: in vitro studies of the isolated, dually perfused human placenta and in vivo studies of placental circulation for diagnostic purposes have raised an enormous interest in basic research data. New methods like Doppler Ultrasound and NMR became available. These technics have enabled the obstetrician to study fetal and placental hemodynamics in vivo. Meanwhile, such methods are becoming incorporated into the daily obstetrical routine, to some degree without an adequate background knowledge of placental vascularization and blood flow, since such experience is currently available to only a small group of experts.

Spis treści

Maternal Circulation.- Histometric Investigations in Placentones (Materno-Fetal Circulation Units) of Human Placentae.- Conceptional Proposition for a Specific Microcirculatory Problem: Maternal Blood Flow in Hemochorial Multivillous Placentae as Percolation of a “Porous Medium”.- In Vivo Aspect of the Maternal-Trophoblastic Border During the First Trimester of Gestation.- Anatomical Studies of the Utero-Placental Vascularization in the First Trimester of Pregnancy.- The Utero-Placental Vessels at Term — The Distribution and Extent of Physiological Changes.- The Maternal Blood Supply to the Placenta in Pregnancy Complicated by Intrauterine Fetal Growth Retardation.- Blood Flow Regulation in the Uteroplacental Arteries.- Morphological Studies of Lacunar Formation in the Early Rabbit Placenta.- Fetal Circulation.- Three-Dimensional Representation of the Fetal Vessel System in the Human Placenta.- Monoclonal Antibodies to Placental Vascular Structures.- Fetal Capillary Organization in Different Types of Placenta.- Permeability Pathways in Fetal Placental Capillaries.- Regulation of Fetal Placental Blood Flow.- Effects of Elevated Umbilical Venous Pressure on Fluid and Solute Transport Across the Isolated Perfused Human Placental Cotelydon.- Effects of Some Autacoids and Humoral Agents on Human Fetoplacental Vascular Resistance: Candidates for Local Regulation of Fetoplacental Blood Flow.- Maternal/Fetal Interrelations.- Placental Vasculature and Circulation in Primates.- Comparative Morphological Aspects of Placental Vascularization.- A Theoretical Analysis of the Influence of Maternal and Fetal Blood Flow on Placental Gas Exchange in the Guinea Pig.- Diagnostic Methods.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Placental Circulation Using Gadolinium-DTPA as a Paramagnetic Marker in the Rhesus Monkey In Vivo and the Perfused Human Placenta In Vitro.- Hemodynamic Control of End-Diastolic Velocity: An In Vitro Study.- Clinical Applications.- Doppler Assessment of Fetoplacental Circulation.- Doppler Measurement of Uterine Blood Flow in the First Trimester of Normal and Complicated Pregnancies.- Placental Correlates of Abnormal Umbilical Doppler Index.- Correlation of Ultrasonographic Measurement of the Utero-Placental and Fetal Blood Flow with the Morphological Diagnosis of Placental Function.- Ultrastructure of Fetal Stem Arteries of Human Placenta in Hypertensive Disorders (Toxemia) of Pregnancy.- Effects of High Altitude on the Vascularization of Terminal Villi in Human Placentae.- List of Contributors.