Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

ISBN-13: 9783527414055 / Angielski / Miękka / 2023 / 525 str.

Germany) Kappl Michael (MPI for Polymer Research

Spis treści

1. Introduction2. Liquid Surfaces2.1 Microscopic Picture of a Liquid Surface2.2 Surface Tension2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace2.3.1 Curved Liquid Surfaces2.3.2 Derivation of Young-Laplace Equation2.3.3 Applying the Young-Laplace Equation2.4 Techniques to Measure Surface Tension2.5 Kelvin Equation2.6 Capillary Condensation2.7 Nucleation Theory2.8 Summary2.9 Exercises3. Thermodynamics of Interfaces3.1 Thermodynamic Functions for Bulk Systems3.2 Surface Excess3.3 Thermodynamic Relations for Systems with an Interface3.3.1 Internal Energy and Helmholtz Energy3.3.2 Equilibrium Conditions3.3.3 Location of Interface3.3.4 Gibbs Energy and Enthalpy3.3.5 Interfacial Excess Energies3.4 Pure Liquids3.5 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm3.5.1 Derivation3.5.2 System of Two Components3.5.3 Experimental Aspects3.5.4 Marangoni Effect3.6 Summary3.7 Exercises4. Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer4.1 Introduction4.2 Poisson-Boltzmann Theory of Diffuse Double Layer4.2.1 Poisson-Boltzmann Equation4.2.2 Planar Surfaces4.2.3 The Full One-Dimensional Case4.2.4 The Electric Double Layer around a Sphere4.2.5 Grahame Equation4.2.6 Capacitance of Diffuse Electric Double Layer4.3 Beyond Poisson-Boltzmann Theory4.3.1 Limitations of Poisson-Boltzmann Theory4.3.2 Stern Layer4.4 Gibbs Energy of Electric Double Layer4.5 Electrocapillarity4.5.1 Theory4.5.2 Measurement of Electrocapillarity4.6 Examples of Charged Surfaces4.7 Measuring Surface Charge Densities4.7.1 Potentiometric Colloid Titration4.7.2 Capacitances4.8 Electrokinetic Phenomena: the Zeta Potential4.8.1 Navier-Stokes Equation4.8.2 Electro-Osmosis and Streaming Potential4.8.3 Electrophoresis and Sedimentation Potential4.9 Types of Potential4.10 Summary4.11 Exercises5. Surface Forces5.1 Van der Waals Forces between Molecules5.2 Van der Waals Force between Macroscopic Solids5.2.1 Microscopic Approach5.2.2 Macroscopic Calculation - Lifshitz Theory5.2.3 Retarded Van der Waals Forces5.2.4 Surface Energy and the Hamaker Constant5.3 Concepts for the Description of Surface Forces5.3.1 The Derjaguin Approximation5.3.2 Disjoining Pressure5.4 Measurement of Surface Forces5.5 Electrostatic Double-Layer Force5.5.1 Electrostatic Interaction between Two Identical Surfaces5.5.2 DLVO Theory5.6 Beyond DLVO Theory5.6.1 Solvation Force and Confined Liquids5.6.2 Non-DLVO Forces in Aqueous Medium5.7 Steric and Depletion Interaction5.7.1 Properties of Polymers5.7.2 Force between Polymer-Coated Surfaces5.7.3 Depletion Forces5.8 Spherical Particles in Contact5.9 Summary5.10 Exercises6. Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting6.1 Young's Equation6.1.1 Contact Angle6.1.2 Derivation6.1.3 Line Tension6.1.4 Complete Wetting and Wetting Transitions6.1.5 Theoretical Aspects of Contact Angle Phenomena6.2 Important Wetting Geometries6.2.1 Capillary Rise6.2.2 Particles at Interfaces6.2.3 Network of Fibers6.3 Measurement of Contact Angles6.3.1 Experimental Methods6.3.2 Hysteresis in Contact Angle Measurements6.3.3 Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity6.3.4 Superhydrophobic Surfaces6.4 Dynamics of Wetting and Dewetting6.4.1 Spontaneous Spreading6.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle6.4.3 Coating and Dewetting6.5 Applications6.5.1 Flotation6.5.2 Detergency6.5.3 Microfluidics6.5.4 Electrowetting6.6 Thick Films: Spreading of One Liquid on Another6.7 Summary6.8 Exercises7. Solid Surfaces7.1 Introduction7.2 Description of Crystalline Surfaces7.2.1 Substrate Structure7.2.2 Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction7.2.3 Description of Adsorbate Structures7.3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces7.3.1 Thermal Treatment7.3.2 Plasma or Sputter Cleaning7.3.3 Cleavage7.3.4 Deposition of Thin Films7.4 Thermodynamics of Solid Surfaces7.4.1 Surface Energy, Surface Tension, and Surface Stress7.4.2 Determining Surface Energy7.4.3 Surface Steps and Defects7.5 Surface Diffusion7.5.1 Theoretical Description of Surface Diffusion7.5.2 Measurement of Surface Diffusion7.6 Solid-Solid Interfaces7.7 Microscopy of Solid Surfaces7.7.1 Optical Microscopy7.7.2 Electron Microscopy7.7.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy7.8 Diffraction Methods7.8.1 Diffraction Patterns of Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures7.8.2 Diffraction with Electrons, X-Rays, and Atoms7.9 Spectroscopic Methods7.9.1 Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces7.9.2 Spectroscopy Using Mainly Inner Electrons7.9.3 Spectroscopy with Outer Electrons7.9.4 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry7.10 Summary7.11 Exercises8. Adsorption8.1 Introduction8.1.1 Definitions8.1.2 Adsorption Time8.1.3 Classification of Adsorption Isotherms8.1.4 Presentation of Adsorption Isotherms8.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption8.2.1 Heats of Adsorption8.2.2 Differential Quantities of Adsorption and Experimental Results8.3 Adsorption Models8.3.1 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm8.3.2 Langmuir Constant and Gibbs Energy of Adsorption8.3.3 Langmuir Adsorption with Lateral Interactions8.3.4 BET Adsorption Isotherm8.3.5 Adsorption on Heterogeneous Surfaces8.3.6 Potential Theory of Polanyi8.4 Experimental Aspects of Adsorption from Gas Phase8.4.1 Measuring Adsorption to Planar Surfaces8.4.2 Measuring Adsorption to Powders and Textured Materials8.4.3 Adsorption to Porous Materials8.4.4 Special Aspects of Chemisorption8.5 Adsorption from Solution8.6 Summary8.7 Exercises9. Surface Modification9.1 Introduction9.2 Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition9.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition9.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition9.3 Soft Matter Deposition9.3.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers9.3.2 Physisorption of Polymers9.3.3 Polymerization on Surfaces9.3.4 Plasma Polymerization9.4 Etching Techniques9.5 Lithography9.6 Summary9.7 Exercises10. Friction, Lubrication, and Wear10.1 Friction10.1.1 Introduction10.1.2 Amontons' and Coulomb's Law10.1.3 Static, Kinetic, and Stick-Slip Friction10.1.4 Rolling Friction10.1.5 Friction and Adhesion10.1.6 Techniques to Measure Friction10.1.7 Macroscopic Friction10.1.8 Microscopic Friction10.2 Lubrication10.2.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication10.2.2 Boundary Lubrication10.2.3 Thin-Film Lubrication10.2.4 Superlubricity10.2.5 Lubricants10.3 Wear10.4 Summary10.5 Exercises11. Surfactants, Micelles, Emulsions, and Foams11.1 Surfactants11.2 Spherical Micelles, Cylinders, and Bilayers11.2.1 Critical Micelle Concentration11.2.2 Influence of Temperature11.2.3 Thermodynamics of Micellization11.2.4 Structure of Surfactant Aggregates11.2.5 Biological Membranes11.3 Macroemulsions11.3.1 General Properties11.3.2 Formation11.3.3 Stabilization11.3.4 Evolution and Aging11.3.5 Coalescence and Demulsification11.4 Microemulsions11.4.1 Size of Droplets11.4.2 Elastic Properties of Surfactant Films11.4.3 Factors Influencing the Structure of Microemulsions11.5 Foams11.5.1 Classification, Application, and Formation11.5.2 Structure of Foams11.5.3 Soap Films11.5.4 Evolution of Foams11.6 Summary11.7 Exercises12. Thin Films on Surfaces of Liquids12.1 Introduction12.2 Phases of Monomolecular Films12.3 Experimental Techniques to Study Monolayers12.3.1 Optical Microscopy12.3.2 Infrared and Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy12.3.3 X-Ray Reflection and Diffraction12.3.4 Surface Potential12.3.5 Rheologic Properties of Liquid Surfaces12.4 Langmuir-Blodgett Transfer12.5 Summary12.6 Exercises13. Solutions to Exercises14. Analysis of Diffraction Patterns14.1 Diffraction at Three-Dimensional Crystals14.1.1 Bragg Condition14.1.2 Laue Condition14.1.3 Reciprocal Lattice14.1.4 Ewald Construction14.2 Diffraction at Surfaces14.3 Intensity of Diffraction PeaksAppendix A Symbols and AbbreviationsReferencesIndex

O autorze

Hans-Jürgen Butt is Director at the Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany. He studied physics in Hamburg and Göttingen, Germany. Then he went to the Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt to work in Ernst Bamberg's group. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1989 he went as a post-doc to Santa Barbara, California. From 1990-95 he spent as a researcher back in Germany at the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics. In 1996 he became associate professor for physical chemistry at the University Mainz, three years later full professor at the University of Siegen. Only two years later he joined the Max Planck Institute of Polymer Research in Mainz and became director for Experimental Physics. His research topics include Surface forces and wetting.Karlheinz Graf graduated at the Institute for Physical Chemistry in Mainz, and spent a postdoc at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). He has served as Project leader at the Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, where his research concentrated on droplet evaporation, the structuring of polymer surfaces, and on constructing a special device for measuring forces between a solid surface and an adaptive lipid monolayer in a Langmuir trough. Afterwards he was acting Professor in Physical and Analytical Chemistry at the University of Siegen. After a short period at the University of Duisburg-Essen he became Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Niederrhein) in Krefeld.Michael Kappl studied physics at the University of Regensburg and the Technical University of Munich, and did his PhD thesis work in Ernst Bamberg's group at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt. After a year of postdoctoral research at the University of Mainz in the group of Prof. Butt, he worked as a consultant for Windows NT network solutions at the Pallas Soft AG, Regensburg. In 2000, he rejoined the group of Hans-Jürgen Butt. Since 2002 he is group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research. By using focused ion beam methods, his investigates the adhesion and friction of micro- and nanocontacts, and capillary forces