Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons » książka
Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons
ISBN-13: 9783319973128 / Angielski / Twarda / 2018 / 343 str.
Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons
ISBN-13: 9783319973128 / Angielski / Twarda / 2018 / 343 str.
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This textbook focuses on cast irons, the second material in production and consumption after steel. The main properties of cast irons are presented and justified for all kinds of cast irons: low cost, excellent castability, mechanical properties depending on the graphite morphology (gray irons) and high wear resistance (white irons).
1. Fe-C system. Stable and metastable equilibrium diagrams.
1.1. Fe-C equilibrium diagram.
1.2. Graphitizing elements.
1.3. Inoculant elements.
1.4. Carburigenous elements.
1.5. The influence of silicon in cast irons.
2. Stable eutectic. Graphite morphologies.
2.1. Stable eutectic.
2.2. Lamellar graphite morphologies.
3. Compromise between stable and metastable solidifications.
3.1 Composition and massivity factor (section sensivity or volume/area ratio).
3.2. Superheating.
3.3. A eutectic of iron phosphide (Fe3P), steadite.
4. Stable and metastable cooling compromise in solid state.
4.1. Introduction.
4.2. Cooling of gray cast irons in solid state: matrix structures.
4.3. Non-equilibrium transformations. Low and medium alloy elements.
4.4. High alloying and transformations during the cooling.
4.5. Transformations by heating.
4.5.1. Indirect ferritizing due to heat treatment.
4.5.2. Cementite graphitization at 450 °C.
5. General properties of non-alloyed gray cast irons (or low alloy) and flake graphite.
5.1. Properties of gray cast irons.6. Malleable irons.
6.1. Malleable cast irons.
6.2. White heart malleable cast iron.
6.3. Blackheart malleable cast iron.
6.3.1. Ferritic blackheart malleable cast iron.
6.3.2. Blackheart malleable cast iron of pearlitic matrix.
7. Spheroidal graphite cast irons (or ductile cast iron).
7.1. Chemical composition.
7.2. General properties of ductile cast irons.
7.3. Heat treatments with continuous cooling.7.3.1. Ferritizing treatments.
7.3.2. Heat treatments for pearlitic matrix.
7.3.3. Treatments for achieving a matrix of tempered martensite.
7.3.4. Other treatments for austenitic cast irons: stress relieving
and hyperquenching.
7.4. Isothermal treatments. Austempered cast irons, ADI.
(Austempered Ductile Iron).
8. Fe-C-Cr system.
8.1. Binary diagrams.
8.2. Solidification reactions in the Fe-C-Cr system.8.3. Austenite with chromium. Composition limits and temperature.
8.3.1. Gamma iron constituents in the Fe-Cr system.
8.3.2. Limits of the gamma iron constituent in the Fe-C-Cr diagram.
9. Composition, structure, and properties of high alloy cast irons.
9.1. Introduction to high alloy cast irons.
9.1.1. Non-alloyed white cast irons.
9.2. High alloy cast irons for wear resistance applications.
9.2.1. Ni-hard cast irons.
9.2.2. Martensitic cast irons and KC carbides eutectic (15-28% Cr).
9.3. Corrosion resistant cast irons.
9.3.1. High silicon cast irons.
9.3.2. Ferritic cast irons with more than 28% chromium.
9.3.3. High nickel cast irons (15-35% Ni).
9.4. Heat resistant cast irons.
10. Exercises, problems, and case studies.
10.0. Introduction.
10.1. Thermal analysis. Carbon solubility in the metastable and stable system.
10.2. Thermodynamics of the Fe-C-Si ternary system. Interaction coefficients. Carburigen and graphitizing elements.
10.3. Magnesium effect. Pig iron desulphurization.10.4. Solidification times. Chvorinov equation.
10.5. Risering. Equations of Caine and Adams-Taylor. Exothermic isolation. Solidification defects.
10.5.1. Introduction to Caine’s equation.
10.5.2. Risering in gray irons.
10.5.3. Rail aluminothermic welding (Applicable to exothermic risers).
10.5.4. Gases in cast metals.
10.5.5. Pressure tightness.
10.6. Mold filling times. Gating design. Down-hill casting and bottom casting.
10.6.1. Aspiration of gases.
10.7. Superheating. Fluidity. Castability.
10.8. Mechanical properties. Reliability (Weibull statistics).
10.9. Creep: stress relieving.
10.9.1. Measurement of residual stresses.
10.9.2. Stress relieving.
10.10. Thermal shock resistance. Damping capacity.
10.10.1. Thermal shock resistance.
10.10.2. Damping effect.
10.11. Fatigue.
10.12. Heat treatments.
10.13. Fe-C-Cr system.
Case study 1: CAM CAD methods applied to the feeding system of parts manufactured in Ni-hard cast iron.
Case study 2 and case study 3. Relationship structure mechanical properties in camshafts and crankshafts manufactured in cast iron.
Case study 2. Relation structure-mechanical properties of camshafts manufactured in cast iron.
Case study 3. Relation structure-properties in crankshafts manufactured in forged steel and spheroidal cast iron.
11. Fundamentals of the cupola furnace. Applications. Mass and energy balances.
11.1. Cast iron production in cupola furnace.
11.2. Sulfur and phosphorus in the cupola furnace.
José Antonio Pero-Sanz Elorz (1934-2012) had a Doctorate in Engineering from the University of Barcelona (Spain) and was a founder member of the International Metallographic Society (USA). He was adviser on Physical Metallurgy matters for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) as well as for Arcelor Mittal-Europe and was member of the Conseil Scientifique des Usines Renault. He was responsible for the Research and Development Group of Materials in the Oviedo and Madrid School of Mines and professor in both schools for more than 30 years. He published several books: Materiales Metálicos. Solidificación, Diagramas, Transformaciones (Dossat, Madrid, 1988); Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Dossat, Madrid, 1994); Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales. Estructura, Transformaciones, Propiedades y Selección (5 editions, Dossat 2000, Madrid, 2000); Aceros. Metalurgia Física, Selección y Diseño (Dossat 2000, Madrid, 2004); Solidification and Solid-state Transformations of Metals and Alloys (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017); Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Pedeca Press Publicaciones S. L. U., Madrid, 2018).
Daniel Fernández González has a Master in Mining Engineering and Materials Science and Technology from the University of Oviedo and curently persuades his PhD studies. He has published the book Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González has a PhD in Chemical Sciences from the University of Oviedo, where he is a professor of Materials Science and head of the Siderurgy, Metals and Materials Group (Sid-Met-Mat). His research focuses in the application, maintenance, and wear of refractory linings in blast furnaces and other metal and steels production processes. He has published 8 books: Ciencia de Materiales (Eléctricos) (Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, 1994); Metalurgia Extractiva. Volumen I. Fundamentos (Síntesis, Madrid, 2000); Metalurgia Extractiva. Volumen II. Procesos de Obtención (Síntesis, Madrid, 2000); Prácticas y Problemas de Siderurgia (Fundación Luis Fernández Velasco, Oviedo, 2000); Materiales Refractarios y Cerámicos (Síntesis, Madrid, 2008); Refractory and Ceramic Materials (Síntesis, Madrid, 2014); Solidification and Solid-state Transformations of Metals and Alloys (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2017); Materiales para Ingeniería. Fundiciones Férreas (Pedeca Press Publicaciones S. L. U., Madrid, 2018).
This textbook focuses on cast irons, the second material in production and consumption after steel. The authors describe the Fe-C stable and metastable diagrams from the physical-chemical metallurgy point of view. The main properties of cast irons are presented and justified for all kinds of cast irons: low cost, excellent castability, mechanical properties depending on the graphite morphology (gray irons) and high wear resistance (white irons). The physical metallurgy of highly alloyed cast irons is also described, particularly that one of those used as a consequence of their abrasion, corrosion and heat resistance. The book presents exercises, problems and cases studies, with different sections dedicated to the molding practice. The book finishes with the production cast irons in the cupola furnace. This concise textbook is particularly of interest for students and engineers that work in industries related to cast irons.
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