Photoimmunology

ISBN-13: 9781461336723 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 304 str.

John Parrish

Opis

In this book we attempt to summarize the present state of knowledge in the field of photoimmunology and to provide the background necessary to put this knowledge into perspective. This objective requires descriptive overviews in photobiology, immunology, and dermatology. Our hope is to facilitate interdis ciplinary communication and to stimulate interest in photoimmunology. Section I, Principles of Photoimmunology, describes (1) basic interactions between UV and visible radiation and biologic matter, (2) the optical properties of human skin, and (3) normal and abnormal responses to UV radiation. Basic principles of selected aspects of immunology and photobiology are explained. Section II, Experimental Photoimmunology, describes molecular, cellular, animal, and human studies in photoimmunology. Section III, Clinical Photo immunology, presents evidence of the involvement of photoimmunologic mechanisms in diseases of the skin and blood and examines the possible involve ment of immunologic mechanisms in therapeutic photomedicine. The funda mental principles outlined in this book should prove useful for decades to come. However, our expectation is that the experimental data will be outdated in a short period of time. The potential of photoimmunology is great enough and the serious study of photo immunology is recent enough that this should be the case. This book is dedicated to the goal of continuing rapid growth in the field of photoimmunology ."

Spis treści

I. Principles of Photoimmunology.- 1. Basic Concepts in Photobiology.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation and Characterization of Excited-State Molecules.- 1.2.1 Electronic States of Molecules.- 1.2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation.- 1.2.3 Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation.- 1.3 Reactions of Excited-State Molecules to Form Photoproducts.- 1.3.1 Alternative Processes Available to Excited-State Molecules.- 1.3.2 Types of Photochemical Reactions.- 1.4 The Relationship between Photoproducts and Biochemical and Cellular Changes.- 1.5 References.- 2. Photosensitization in Mammalian Cells.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Fundamental Aspects of Photosensitized Reactions at the Biomolecular Level.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 Mechanisms Involved in Photosensitized Reactions in Biologic Systems.- 2.2.3 The Alteration of Biomolecules in Vitro by Photosensitization.- 2.3 Sensitized Photoreactions in Model Cell Systems.- 2.3.1 Introduction.- 2.3.2 Sensitizers Bound to Biologic Macromolecules.- 2.3.3 Aqueous Micellar Systems.- 2.3.4 Liposome Systems.- 2.4 Photosensitization Processes in Mammalian Cells.- 2.4.1 Introduction.- 2.4.2 Effects Mediated by Culture Medium Components and by Endogenous Sensitizers.- 2.4.3 Sensitizer Penetration and Subcellular Localization.- 2.4.4 The Kinetics of Cell Killing.- 2.4.5 Membrane Effects.- 2.4.6 Cytoplasmic Effects.- 2.4.7 Nuclear Effects.- 2.4.8 Immunologic Effects.- 2.4.9 Anaerobic Photosensitized Reactions.- 2.4.10 DNA Damage, Mutation, Transformation, and Carcinogenesis Induced by Photosensitization.- 2.5 References.- 3. Experimental Techniques in Photoimmunology.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Terminology.- 3.3 Sources of Nonionizing Radiation.- 3.3.1 Germicidal Lamps.- 3.3.2 Fluorescent Lamps.- 3.3.3 Xenon Arc Lamps.- 3.3.4 Other Radiation Sources.- 3.4 Spectral Filtering of Sources.- 3.5 Radiometry.- 3.5.1 Types of Radiometric Instruments.- 3.5.2 Factors of Measurement.- 3.6 References.- 4. Tissue Optics and Photoimmunology.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Stratum Corneum and Epidermis.- 4.2.1 Structural Considerations.- 4.2.2 Scattering.- 4.2.3 Absorption.- 4.3 The Dermis.- 4.3.1 Structural Considerations.- 4.3.2 Scattering.- 4.3.3 Absorption and Optical Penetration.- 4.4 Summary and Conclusion.- 4.5 References.- 5. Acute Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation upon the Skin.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Erythema.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Time Course.- 5.2.3 Factors Influencing the Development of Erythema.- 5.2.4 Solar Erythemogenesis.- 5.3 Pathogenesis of UV-Radiation-Induced Erythema.- 5.4 Histopathologic Changes Associated with UV-Radiation-Induced Erythema.- 5.5 Pigmentation.- 5.5.1 Immediate Tanning.- 5.5.2 Delayed Tanning.- 5.6 Changes in the Kinetics of Epidermal Cells.- 5.7 References.- 6. SALT: Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissues.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Skin as a Microenvironment for Antigen Presentation.- 6.3 Affinity between T Lymphocyte Subsets and the Skin.- 6.3.1 Preferential Migration of Malignant T Cells to Skin.- 6.3.2 Immunocompetent T Cells in Normal Skin.- 6.3.3 Immunocompetent T Cells in Benign Inflammatory States.- 6.3.4 Factors That Influence Localization of T Lymphocytes within Specific Tissues.- 6.4 Integration of Peripheral Lymph Nodes with T Lymphocytes and the Skin.- 6.5 Consideration of the Mechanisms Whereby Cells Become Skin-Specific.- 6.5.1 Relative Importance of Microenvironment in Which Proliferation Takes Place.- 6.5.2 Potential Contributions of Factors Released by and/or Expressed on the Surface of Keratinocytes That Influence the Migration-Localization of T Cells.- 6.6 A Comparison of SALT and GALT.- 6.7 The Nature and Biologic Meaning of SALT.- 6.8 References.- 7. Factors That Influence Photocarcinogenesis.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Radiation.- 7.2.1 Amount.- 7.2.2 Type (Quality) of UV Radiation.- 7.3 The Influence of the Animal Model on Tumor Response.- 7.3.1 Anatomic Differences.- 7.3.2 Differences in Tumor Response in the Absence of Anatomic Dissimilarity.- 7.3.3 Effects of Age.- 7.3.4 Indirect Effects.- 7.4 The Environment.- 7.4.1 The Chemical Environment.- 7.4.2 The Physical Environment.- 7.5 Conclusion.- 7.6 References.- II. Experimental Photoimmunology.- 8. Immunobiology of UV-Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer.- 8.1 Experimental Studies in Mice.- 8.2 Tumor Antigens.- 8.2.1 General Considerations.- 8.2.2 Antigens of UV-Radiation-Induced Tumors.- 8.2.3 Comparisons with Other Tumors.- 8.3 Significance of the Experimental Studies.- 8.4 Studies on Human Skin Cancer.- 8.5 Summary.- 8.6 References.- 9. Effects of UV Radiation on Immune Responses in Animals.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Mechanisms of Contact Hypersensitivity.- 9.2.1 Background.- 9.2.2 Contact Hypersensitivity as a Cell-Mediated Immune Response.- 9.2.3 Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Contact Hypersensitivity.- 9.3 Effects of UV Radiation on the Contact Hypersensitivity Reaction.- 9.3.1 Elicitation of Contact Hypersensitivity in UV-Irradiated Skin.- 9.3.2 Induction of Contact Hypersensitivity through UV-Irradiated Skin.- 9.3.3 Systemic Suppression of Contact Hypersensitivity by UV Radiation.- 9.3.4 Mechanisms.- 9.4 Effects of UV Radiation on Other Immune Responses.- 9.4.1 Allogeneic Reactions.- 9.4.2 Other Antigens.- 9.5 Significance of the Experimental Studies.- 9.6 References.- 10. Effects of UV Radiation on Immune Reactions in Humans.- 10.1 lntroduction.- 10.2 In Vivo Immune Responses.- 10.3 Effects of UV Radiation on Lymphocytes.- 10.4 In Vitro Exposure of Lymphocytes to UV Radiation.- 10.5 Significance.- 10.6 References.- III. Clinical Photoimmunology.- 11. Solar Urticaria.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Etiology.- 11.3 Clinical Features.- 11.4 Diagnosis.- 11.5 Prognosis.- 11.6 Treatment.- 11.7 Pathogenesis.- 11.7.1 Photobiologic Aspects.- 11.7.2 Immunologic Aspects.- 11.7.3 Other Factors.- 11.8 Conclusions.- 11.9 References.- 12. Photoallergy.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 History.- 12.3 Photoallergic Chemicals.- 12.4 Incidence.- 12.5 Clinical Features.- 12.5.1 Photopatch Testing.- 12.5.2 Contact and Systemic Photoallergy.- 12.5.3 Persistent Light Reactor.- 12.6 Pathogenesis.- 12.6.1 Experimental Models.- 12.6.2 Photobiologic Aspects.- 12.6.3 Photochemical Aspects.- 12.6.4 Immunologic Aspects.- 12.7 Conclusions.- 12.8 References.- 13. Autoimmune Disease.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Lupus Erythematosus.- 13.2.1 Clinical Findings.- 13.2.2 Laboratory Abnormalities.- 13.2.3 Histology and Immunopathology of the Skin.- 13.2.4 Photobiologic Studies.- 13.2.5 Pathogenesis.- 13.2.6 Conclusions.- 13.3 Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid.- 13.3.1 Pemphigus.- 13.3.2 Bullous Pemphigoid.- 13.4 References.- 14. Other Photodermatoses.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Polymorphic Light Eruption.- 14.3 Actinic Reticuloid-Photosensitive Eczema.- 14.4 References.- 15. Phototherapy and Photochemotherapy.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Treatment Regimens.- 15.2.1 Goeckerman Regimen.- 15.2.2 UVB Phototherapy.- 15.2.3 PWA Therapy.- 15.3 Clinical Applications.- 15.4 Immunologic Effects.- 15.4.1 Lymphocytes.- 15.4.2 Delayed Hypersensitivity Responses.- 15.4.3 Other Immunologic Functions.- 15.5 Clinical Effects of Immune Alterations.- 15.5.1 Skin Cancer.- 15.5.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- 15.5.3 Bullous Pemphigoid.- 15.6 Mechanisms.- 15.7 Conclusions.- 15.8 References.