Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels

ISBN-13: 9780367028688 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 222 str.

Bankim Chandra Ray; Rajesh Kumar Prusty; Deepak Nayak

Opis

In this book, phase transformation is described to obtain a desirable phases by performing heat treatment operations in steels. Further, it has special and critical heat treatment practices, case studies, local and in-service heat treatments, curative and preventive measures of related defects for several common and high-performance applications.

Spis treści

1. An introduction to Metals 1.1 Elements, atoms and isotopes 1.2 Types of bonding between atoms 1.3 Crystal structures 2. Diffusion 2.1 Atomic diffusion mechanisms 2.2 Types of diffusion 3. Defects in Crystalline Solids 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classification 4. Solid Solutions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of solid solutions 4.3 Electron to atom ratio 4.4 Enthalpy of formation of a solid solution 4.5 Entropy of formation of a solid solution 4.6 Free energy change upon formation of a solid solution 4.7 Ordered and random solid solutions 4.8 Intermediate phases 5. Phase diagrams and phase transformations 5.1 Thermodynamic considerations of phase diagrams 5.2 Gibb’s Phase rule 5.3 Lever rule 5.4 Types of phase diagrams and phase transformations 5.5 Some other solid phase transformations in metals and alloys 5.6 Roles of defects and diffusion 6. Iron-Carbon phase diagram 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Allotropic transformations in iron 6.3 Solubility of carbon in iron 6.4 Iron-iron carbide phase diagram 6.5 Effect of alloying elements on the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 7. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Solid-State Phase Transformation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nucleation 7.3 Growth Kinetics 7.4 TTT and CCT Diagrams 8. Phase transformation in steels 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Formation of austenite 8.3. Pearlitic transformation 8.4. Bainitic transformation 8.5. Martensitic transformation 9. Heat Treatment Furnaces 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Classification of furnaces 9.3. Batch furnace 9.4. Continuous furnace 9.5. Salt bath furnace 10. Heat treatment atmosphere 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Reactions between atmosphere and material 10.3. Types of furnace atmospheres 11. Common heat treatment practices 11.1. Typical heat treatment processes 11.2. Hardenability 11.3. Case-hardening and surface-hardening 11.4. Thermo-mechanical treatment 11.5. Heat treatment of carbon and alloy steels 12. Special Steels 12.1. Stainless steels 12.2. Hadfield manganese steels 12.3. HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) or micro-alloyed steels 12.4. TRIP (Transformed Induced Plasticity) steels 12.5. Maraging steels 12.6. Dual-Phase steels 12.7. Tool steels 12.8. Electric grade steels 13. Some in-situ post weld heat treatment practices 13.1 Necessity 13.2 Conventional PWHT process 13.3 In-situ PWHT of TRIP steel 13.4 PWHT of duplex stainless steel 14. Heat Treatment of cast-iron 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Types of cast iron 14.3. Heat Treatment of gray cast iron 14.4. Heat treatment of Malleable cast iron 14.5. Heat treatment of S.G. irons 15. Heat treatment defects and their determination 15.1 Distortion 15.2 Warping 15.3 Residual stresses 15.4 Quench cracking 15.5 Soft spot 15.6 Oxidation and decarburization 15.7 Low hardness and strength after hardening 15.8 Overheating of steel 15.9 Burning of steel 15.10 Black fracture 15.11 Deformation and Volume changes after hardening 15.12 Excessive hardness after tempering 15.13 Corrosion and Erosion 16. Some special heat treatment practices 16.1 Automobile Industries 16.2 Aerospace industries 16.3 Medical equipment 16.4 Defense Industries