Pest Slugs and Snails: Biology and Control

ISBN-13: 9783642687990 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 448 str.

D. Godan; S. Gruber

Opis

This monograph on pest slugs and snails reviews the problems they create as plant pests in horticulture, agriculture, and forestry, and also as intermediate hosts for parasitic trematodes, cestodes and nematodes which cause worm diseases in man and domestic animals. Here only those vector snails which inhabit flooded or constantly irrigated fields, water storage reservoirs or farm ponds are considered. Reference is also made to the role of pulmonates as carriers of the agents of disease - viruses, bacteria, fungi and worms' eggs, which may be transmitted to man with inadequately cleaned vegetables and fruit. The use of molluscs as indicators of chemical pollution of soil and water, methods of mass rearing of experimental animals and also marking methods are all discussed, as are threshold limit, critical number and the prognosis of damage in plant protection. A classification, an identification key and a systematic check-list of both pest slugs and snails and their predators are provided. The book reviews the biology, physiology, metabolism, reproduction and dispersal of freshwater and terrestrial gastropods, and also the ecological factors which allow a population explosion to occur, thus increasing the likelihood of damage to crops, or the spread of worm diseases of man and domestic animals. The interaction of parasitic worm larvae and their snail hosts is also discussed. These aspects all form an essential basis for the resolution of problems of control.

Spis treści

1 The Biology of Gastropods.- 1.1 Morphology and Anatomy.- 1.2 Physiology.- 1.2.1 Metabolism.- 1.2.2 The Nervous System, Neurohormones.- 1.2.3 Heart, Circulation.- 1.2.4 The Kidney, Excretion.- 1.2.5 Feeding, Digestion.- 1.2.6 Reproduction and Development.- 1.2.6.1 The Genital Tract, Sexual Reproduction.- 1.2.6.2 Hormonal Control.- 1.2.7 The Shell.- 1.3 Ecology.- 1.4 Methods for Mass Rearing.- 1.4.1 Lamellibranchia.- 1.4.2 Gastropods.- 1.4.3 Parasites as Limiting Factors.- 1.5 Molluscs as Carriers of Disease in Man, Animals and Plants.- 1.6 Molluscs as Indicators of Environmental Pollution with Chemicals.- 1.7 Important Pest Gastropod Species.- 1.7.1 Distribution.- 1.7.2 Taxonomy and Nomenclature of European Pest Gastropods.- 1.7.3 Classification of the Most Important Pest Gastropods and Some Carnivorous Snails.- 1.7.4 Key of Identification for Central European Pest Gastropods.- 2 Damage Caused by Gastropods.- 2.1 Causal Factors.- 2.1.1 Activity of Slugs and Snails.- 2.1.2 Population Density.- 2.2 Damage to Crops and Harvests.- 2.2.1 Gastropod Damage in the Federal Republic of Germany.- 2.2.1.1 Agriculture.- 2.2.1.2 Horticulture.- 2.2.1.3 Fruitgrowing.- 2.2.1.4 Forestry.- 2.2.1.5 Agricultural Warehouses, Storerooms and Cellars.- 2.2.2 Gastropod Damage in Other Countries.- 2.2.2.1 Western Europe.- 2.2.2.2 Southern Europe.- 2.2.2.3 Austria and Eastern Europe.- 2.2.2.4 Northern Europe.- 2.2.2.5 America.- 2.2.2.6 Africa, Asia, Pacific, Australia.- 2.2.3 Pattern of Damage and Pest Identification.- 2.3 Prognosis, Critical Number.- 2.3.1 Problems Encountered in Prognosis.- 2.3.2 Critical Number.- 2.3.3 Methods.- 2.3.3.1 Estimating Population Density.- 2.3.3.2 Marking.- 3 Control of Pest Gastropods.- 3.1 Problems Encountered in the Control of Pest Gastropods.- 3.1.1 Influence of Biological and Ecological Factors.- 3.1.1.1 Species-Specific Factors.- 3.1.1.2 The Effect of Age.- 3.1.1.3 Water Regulation, Activity.- 3.1.1.4 Season (Hibernation, Aestivation).- 3.1.1.5 Nutrition.- 3.1.1.6 Behaviour, Learning Capacity, Habituation.- 3.1.2 Repellent Effect of Molluscicides.- 3.1.3 Bait and the Attractiveness of Bait Pellets.- 3.1.4 Reasons for Failure of Chemical Control.- 3.2 Chemical Control Methods.- 3.2.1 Molluscicides Used Against Terrestrial Gastropods.- 3.2.1.1 Metaldehyde.- 3.2.1.2 Carbamate.- 3.2.1.3 Differences in the Symptoms of Poisoning by Metaldehyde and Carbamates.- 3.2.1.4 Combination of Metaldehyde with Other Active Ingredients.- 3.2.1.5 Methods of Application.- 3.2.2 Dehydrating and Caustic Compounds.- 3.2.2.1 Calcium Cyanamide.- 3.2.2.2 Copper Salts, Compounds of Heavy Metals.- 3.2.3 Molluscicides for Control of Aquatic and Amphibious Snails.- 3.2.3.1 Niclosamide.- 3.2.3.2 Trifenmorph.- 3.2.3.3 NaPCP.- 3.2.3.4 Other Chemical Substances.- 3.2.3.5 Inhibitors.- 3.2.3.6 Naturally Occurring Molluscicidal Substances.- 3.2.4 Molluscicidal Effects of Herbicides, Insecticides, and Repellents.- 3.2.4.1 Herbicides.- 3.2.4.2 Insecticides.- 3.2.4.3 Repellents.- 3.2.5 Molluscicides.- 3.2.5.1 Mode of Action and Detoxication.- 3.2.5.2 Resistance.- 3.2.5.3 Residues.- 3.2.5.4 Side Effects.- 3.2.5.5 Maximum Residue Limits.- 3.2.5.6 Time Intervals.- 3.3 Protection of Stored Products.- 3.4 Plant Quarantine Regulations.- 3.4.1 Dispersal of Pest Gastropods.- 3.4.2 Regulations and Control.- 3.5 Mechanical and Ecological Control.- 3.5.1 Mechanical Control.- 3.5.2 Ecological Control.- 3.6 Biological Control.- 3.6.1 Agents of Disease (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi).- 3.6.1.1 Viruses.- 3.6.1.2 Bacteria.- 3.6.1.3 Fungi.- 3.6.2 Parasites.- 3.6.2.1 Protozoa.- 3.6.2.2 Helminths.- 3.6.2.3 Host-Parasite Interaction.- 3.6.3 Predators.- 3.6.3.1 Molluscs.- 3.6.3.2 Arthropods.- 3.6.3.3 Vertebrates.- 3.6.4 Genetic Methods.- 3.6.4.1 Hybrid Gastropods.- 3.6.4.2 Self-Destruction.- 3.6.5 Biotechnical Control.- Sources of the Illustrations.- References.- Plates.- Index of Scientific Names of Molluscs, Their Pathogens, Parasites and Predators.