Pest Resistance to Pesticides

ISBN-13: 9781468444681 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 810 str.

G. P. Georghiou; G. P. Georghiou

Opis

The development of resistance to pesticides is generally acknowledged as one of the most serious obstacles to effective pest control today. Since house flies first developed resistance to DDT in 1946, more than 428 species of arthropods, at least 91 species of plant pathogens, five species of noxious weeds and two species of nematodes were reported to have developed strains resistant to on or more pesticides. A seminar of U. S. and Japanese scientists was held in Palm Springs, California, during December 3-7, 1979, under the U. S. -Japan Cooperative Science Program, in order to evaluate the status of research on resistance and to discuss directions for future emphasis. A total of 32 papers were presented under three principal topics: Origins and Dynamics of Resistance (6), Mechanisms of Resistance (18), and Suppression and Management of Resistance (8). The seminar was unique in that it brought together for the first time researchers from the disciplines of entomology, plant pathology and weed science for a comprehensive discussion of this common problem. Significant advances have been identified in (a) the development of methods for detection and monitoring of resistance in arthropods (electrophoresis, diagnostic dosage tests) and plant pathogens, (b) research on biochemical and physiological mechanisms of resis tance (cytochrome p450, sensitivity of target site, gene regulation), (c) the identification and quantification of biotic, genetic and operational factors influencing the evolution of resistance, and (d) the exploration of pest management approaches incorporating resis tance-delaying measures."

Spis treści

I. Origins and Dynamics of Resistance.- Pesticide Resistance in Time and Space.- Genetic Origins of Insecticide Resistance.- Methods of Genetic Analysis of Insecticide Resistance.- Detection and Monitoring Methods for Resistance in Arthropods Based on Biochemical Characteristics.- Methods for Detection and Monitoring the Resistance of Plant Pathogens to Chemicals.- Evolution of Resistance to Insecticides: The Role of Mathematical Models and Computer Simulations.- II. Mechanisms of Resistance.- Role of Mixed-function Oxidases in Insecticide Resistance.- Characterization of Cytochrome P-450 in Studies of Insecticide Resistance.- Role of Hydrolases and Glutathione S-transferases in Insecticide Resistance.- Role of Detoxication Esterases in Insecticide Resistance.- Enzyme Induction, Gene Amplification and Insect Resistance to Insecticides.- Resistance to Insecticides Due to Reduced Sensitivity of Acetylcholinesterase.- Resistance to Insecticides Due to Reduced Sensitivity of the Nervous System.- The kdr Factor in Pyrethroid Resistance.- Penetration, Binding and Target Insensitivity as Causes of Resistance to Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides.- Mechanisms of Pesticide Resistance in Non-target Organisms.- Patterns of Cross Resistance to Insecticides in the House Fly in Japan.- Effects of a Rice Blast Controlling Agent, Isoprothiolane, on Nilaparvata lugens Stal with Different Levels of Susceptibility to Diazinon.- Mechanisms of Acaricide Resistance with Emphasis on Dicofol.- Resistance to Benzomate in Mites.- Herbicide Resistance in Higher Plants.- Mechanisms of Fungicide Resistance — with Special Reference to Organophosphorus Fungicides.- Nature of Procymidone-tolerant Botrytis cinerea Strains Obtained in Vitro.- Problems of Fungicide Resistance in Penicillium Rot of Citrus Fruits.- III. Suppression and Management of Resistance.- Suppression of Metabolic Resistance Through Chemical Structure Modification.- Suppression of Altered Acetylcholinesterase of the Green Rice Leafhopper by N-Propyl and N-Methyl Carbamate Combinations.- Suppression of Resistance Through Synergistic Combinations with Emphasis on Planthoppers and Leafhoppers Infesting Rice in Japan.- Insect Growth Regulators: Resistance and the Future.- Natural Enemy Resistance to Pesticides: Documentation, Characterization, Theory and Application.- Implications and Prognosis of Resistance to Insecticides.- Management of Resistance in Plant Pathogens.- Management of Resistance in Arthropods.- Contributors.