PART I: Making a Case for Building Negative Peace 1. Introduction 2. Deducing the factors that matter PART II: Lessons from Successful Operations 3. Burundi (2003-2004): Plugging the gap when funding and mandate fail 4. The Comoros (2003-2008): When external and local factors working in harmony 5. Somalia (2007 til date): Contingent character makes the difference 6. Mali (2013): A foreign lead state to the rescue PART III: Lessons From Failed Operations 7. Darfur (2004 til date): When elites connive against keeping the peace 8. The Central African Republic (2013-2014): When political elites and citizens fail Conclusions: Factors that matter and how they interact