Patterns of Chloroplast Reproduction: A Developmental Approach to Protoplasmic Plant Anatomy

ISBN-13: 9783709185636 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 206 str.

T. Butterfass

Opis

The subject of this book has not been treated comprehensively before. For many years I have hesitated to attempt a monographic presentation because I felt uneasy about the idea of delineating something I am not sure about myself, and I felt it might be rash to try to integrate what seemed-and largely still seems-to consist of a heap of tessera not fitting together. The conviction won over, however, that the many details accumulated thus far call for some order now, and that an appraisal of where we stand would be appropriate. This book, I hope, can fill a gap barring the way to further progress in the field. It is not only a compilation of details but also an attempt to delineate the first outlines of a picture-blurry, obscure, and controversial as it must appear. The imagination of the research worker will be aroused, I hope, and stimulate further progress. In addition to data widely dispersed in the literature much unpublished material has been included. The limited space available prevented me from giving all the details known. The subject is also linked to many neighboring fields of study, but these relationships and their ramifications could not be discussed at length. This is a minor shortcoming, however, compared with our great ignorance of the subject in general.

Spis treści

A. Introduction.- I. Plastid Numbers in Relation to the Whole: Scope of Presentation.- 1. Purpose and Design.- 2. Rationale of the Approach.- II. Historical Overview.- B. Survey of Known Plastid Numbers per Cell.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods of Counting.- 1. General Remarks.- 2. Observation of Living and Unstained Material.- 3. Fixation and Storage.- 4. Maceration.- 5. Staining.- 6. Handling for Microscopy.- 7. Remarks on Statistics and Reliability.- III. Phycophyta.- IV. Bryophyta.- 1. Hepaticae.- 2. Musci.- V. Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms.- VI. Dicotyledoneae.- 1. Proplastids in Meristem Cells.- 2. Chloroplasts in Guard Cells.- 3. Chloroplasts in Epidermal Cells.- 4. Chloroplasts in Mesophyll Cells.- 5. Plastids in Other Cells.- 6. Patterns of Plastid Numbers.- a) Cell Specificity Patterns.- b) Position of Cells in the Leaf.- c) Leaf Type Patterns.- VII. Monocotyledoneae.- 1. Proplastids in Meristem Cells.- 2. Chloroplasts in Guard Cells.- 3. Plastids in Epidermal Cells.- 4. Chloroplasts in Mesophyll Cells.- 5. Patterns of Plastid Numbers.- VIII. Comparison of Dicotyledons With Monocotyledons.- IX. Summary.- C. Developmental Genetics of Plastid Populations.- I. Plastid Division and Cell Cycle.- 1. Are Plastid Divisions Connected Directly to Cell Divisions?.- 2. Evidence Against a Direct Connection.- 3. Possible Influence of Amount of Nuclear DNA.- II. Nuclear Ploidy and Chloroplast Number.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Euheteroploidy of Whole Plants.- a) Autopolyploidy and Haploidy of Different Origins.- b) Induced Allopolyploidy.- c) Polyploid Plants From Nature.- 3. Endopolyploidy.- a) Occurrence and Characteristics.- b) Numbers of Chloroplasts.- 4. Elimination of Ploidy Effects in Comparisons.- III. Aneuploidy and Chloroplast Number.- 1. Trisomic Plants.- a) Single Trisomic Plants.- b) Double Trisomic Plants.- 2. Other Aneuploid Plants.- IV. Other Genetic Differences Possibly Affecting the Chloroplast Number.- 1. Gene Differences and Heterozygosity.- a) Selection and Single-Gene Effects.- b) Hybridization Response.- 2. Differences in the Basic Amount of Nuclear DNA.- 3. Non-Mendelian Genetic Influences on the Replication of Plastids.- V. Summary.- D. Correlations, Regeneration and Compensatory Divisions.- I. Introduction.- II. Chloroplast Size, Cell Size and Chloroplast Number.- 1. Chloroplast Size.- a) General Remarks.- b) Some Effects of Environment.- c) Nuclear and Plastid DNA and Chloroplast Size.- d) Cell Specificity.- 2. Cell Size and Chloroplast Size.- 3. Cell Size and Chloroplast Number.- 4. Chloroplast Size and Chloroplast Number.- a) Inhibited Division and Continued Growth.- b) Division Without Growth.- c) Correlation Between Number and Size.- III. Compensatory Divisions of Plastids.- 1. Readjustment of Plastid Numbers After Ontogenetic Deviations From the Standard.- 2. Increasing Chloroplast Numbers With Hypertrophic Growth of Cells.- IV. Summary.- E. Influences of External Agents on Plastid Number.- I. Introduction.- II. Light.- 1. General Remarks.- 2. Light and Darkness.- 3. Intensity of Light.- 4. Quality of Light.- III. Temperature.- IV. Water and Mineral Salts.- 1. Role of Water.- 2. Major Elements.- a) Effect of Endopolyploidy Prevalent.- b) Effect of Endopolyploidy not Prevalent.- 3. Minor Elements.- V. Carbon Dioxide.- VI. Organic Compounds.- 1. Sugars and Related Compounds.- 2. Phytohormones.- 3. Antibiotics.- 4. Various Other Organic Compounds.- VII. Various Other Factors.- VIII. Summary.- F. Continuity of Plastids and Formation of Patterns.- I. Introduction.- II. Multiplication of Plastids.- 1. Multiplication in Meristematic and in Differentiating Cells.- 2. Multiplication in Peculiar Environments.- 3. General Considerations and Results.- III. Minimum Number of Plastids Needed for Continuity.- 1. Allocation of Plastids to Daughter Cells.- a) General Considerations.- b) Unequal Cell Divisions.- c) Plastid Allocation—A Random Process?.- 2. Minimum Numbers.- a) General Considerations.- b) Numbers Required and Numbers Found.- c) Cell Size, Ploidy, and Minimum Number.- d) Is There a Need for Plastids in All Plant Cells.- 3. Monoplastidic Stages: Facts and Implications.- a) Monoplastidy as a Transitory Stage.- b) Major Problems in Monoplastidy.- IV. Patterns of Chloroplast Reproduction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Duplication Waves.- 3. Ploidy Prepattern.- 4. Other Prepatterns.- 5. Shifts in Patterns.- 6. General Remarks. Basic Numbers.- V. Appendix: Plastid Fusions.- VI. Summary.- G. Applications, Inferences and Conclusions.- I. Applications.- 1. Significance of Chloroplast Numbers in Differentiation Studies.- 2. Chloroplast Numbers in Taxonomy.- 3. Applications in Plant Breeding.- II. Considerations on Evolution.- 1. Monoplastidy Versus Polyplastidy.- 2. Brief Comparison With the Behavior of Symbionts.- 3. Evolution of Patterns.- III. Inferences and Conclusions.- 1. Major Results.- 2. Lines of Future Research.