Pathology of the Larynx

ISBN-13: 9781447131199 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 354 str.

L. Michaels

Opis

The purpose of this work is to review the current knowledge of laryngeal pathology in the light of my experience at the Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London. The role of histopathological investigations in the care of patients with diseases of the larynx is given special consideration. Radiologi- cal study of the larynx has become more refined in recent years with the introduction of computerised tomography. Microlaryngoscopy with biopsy of the interior of the larynx is now a frequent procedure in the diagnosis of laryngeal disease. In the effort to interpret the findings resulting from these methods, the need for a monograph outlining the pathological basis of laryngeal disorders has arisen. To the best of my knowledge, such a work, devoted to the pathology of the larynx only, has never been written; a modern study in this field is certainly not available. I have aimed the text towards the practising pathologist in order to give it the broadest scope. It was necessary, therefore, to include an account of the basic anatomy of the larynx. For this purpose (and in subsequent descriptions throughout the book) I have not used the formal anatomical terminology for the two folds on either side of the ventricle of the larynx. There is some variation in the use of these terms, and they are not yet completely in general use.

Spis treści

A. The Normal Larynx.- 1. Gross Anatomy.- Regions.- Cartilage and Elastic Membranes.- Intrinsic Muscles.- The Cords; the Ventricle and Saccule.- 2. Gross Examination in the Histopathology Laboratory.- Preparation Technique.- Appearances of Transverse Slices.- 3. Normal Histology.- Epiglottis.- False Cords.- True Vocal Cords.- Anterior and Posterior Commissures.- Ventricle and Saccule.- Laryngeal Joints.- Subglottis.- Laryngeal Cartilage.- Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles.- Nerve Supply.- Laryngeal Paraganglia.- 4. Development.- Stages 9–15.- Stages 16–23.- Further Development.- The Infant Larynx.- 5. Mechanism of Phonation.- B. Non-Neoplastic Lesions.- 6. Congenital Laryngeal Anomalies.- Laryngomalacia.- Vocal Cord Paralysis.- Congenital Subglottic Stenosis.- Less Common Anomalies.- 7. Laryngocele, cysts, heterotopia.- Laryngocele.- Cysts of the Saccule.- Prolapse and Eversion of the Ventricle.- Other Cysts.- Thyroid Tissue Within the Larynx.- Tracheopathia Osteochondroplastica.- 8. Laryngeal Biopsy.- Laryngoscopy.- Biopsy.- Frozen Section.- Laryngoscopic Biopsies at the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London.- 9. Infections.- 10. Acute Inflammation.- Acute Epiglottitis.- Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis.- Allergic Laryngitis.- Diphtheritic Laryngitis.- 11. Chronic Bacterial Infections and Related Conditions.- Tuberculosis.- Sarcoidosis.- Leprosy.- Scleroma.- Syphilis.- Typhoid.- Typhus Fever.- Anthrax.- 12. Mycotic Infections.- Histoplasmosis.- Coccidioidomycosis.- Cryptococcosis.- North American Blastomycosis.- South American Blastomycosis (Paracoccidioidomycosis).- Actinomycosis.- Candidosis (Candidiasis, Moniliasis).- Aspergillosis.- Phycomycosis (Mucormycosis).- Sporotrichosis.- Rhinosporidiosis.- 13. Parasitic Diseases.- Leishmaniasis.- Trichinosis.- Syngamosis.- Ascariasis.- Leeches (Hirudinea).- 14. The Vocal Cord Polyp and Other Exudative Processes of Reinke’s Space.- Aetiology.- Clinical and Gross Appearances.- Microscopical Appearances.- Treatment.- 15. Arthritis of Laryngeal Joints; Gout.- Laryngeal Rheumatoid Arthritis.- Gout.- 16. Hyaline Deposits: Amyloid and Lipoid Proteinosis.- Amyloid Deposits.- Lipoid Proteinosis.- 17. Relapsing Polychondritis and Wegener’s Granulomatosis.- Relapsing Polychondritis.- Wegener’s Granulomatosis.- 18. Trauma; Perichondritis.- Laryngeal Fractures.- Strangulation.- Pathological Changes after Intratracheal Intubation.- Reaction to Teflon Injection.- Perichondritis.- 19. Bullous Skin Lesions.- Pemphigus Vulgaris.- Epidermolysis Bullosa Letalis.- 20. Neuromuscular Diseases.- Clinical Features.- Pathological Changes that Might Cause Damage to the Neuromuscular Pathway of Vocal Cord Movement.- Pathological Changes Actually Observed in Studies of the Neuromuscular Pathway of Vocal Cord Movement.- C. Squamous Cell Neoplasms.- 21. Squamous Cell Papillomas.- Sites.- Gross Appearances.- Microscopical Appearances.- Natural History.- Viral Aetiology.- 22. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Incidence and Epidemiology.- Incidence.- Epidemiological Factors.- 23. Precancerous Lesions.- Histogenesis of Epidermoid Metaplasia.- Epidermoid Metaplasia in the Larynx.- Necrotising Sialometaplasia.- Dysplasia and Carcinoma in Situ.- Classification.- Technical Problems in Diagnosis.- Differential Diagnosis.- Carcinoma in Situ.- Carcinoma in Situ Associated with Invasive Carcinoma.- 24. Origin and Differentiation of Squamous Carcinoma.- Origin.- Differentiation.- 25. Spread of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- Invasion of the Cartilaginous Framework.- Spread Outside the Larynx.- The Invasive Process.- 26. Pathological Anatomy of Invasive Squamous Carcinoma..- Literature.- Gross Appearances.- Fields of Origin.- Spread of Squamous Carcinoma of Laryngeal Airway.- 27. Ventriculosaccular Carcinoma.- Gross Appearances.- Microscopical Appearances.- Clinical Features.- 28. Some Histopathological Aspects of Therapy.- Conservative Surgery: The Pathological Basis.- Radiation Therapy.- Post-Irradiation Biopsy.- Laryngolith.- 29. Atypical Forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Spindle Cell Carcinoma, Verrucous Squamous Carcinoma.- Spindle Cell Carcinoma.- Verrucous Squamous Carcinoma.- A Historical Note on a Famous Well-Differentiated Squamous Carcinoma.- 30. Reporting and Recording of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- D. Non-Epidermoid Neoplasms.- 31. Non-Epidermoid Epithelial Neoplasms.- Benign Forms.- Malignant Forms.- 32. Neuroectodermal Tumours.- Granular Cell Tumour (“Myoblastoma”).- Neurogenic Tumours.- Paraganglioma.- Carcinoid and Oat Cell Carcinoma.- Malignant Melanoma.- 33. Vascular Neoplasms.- Haemangioma.- Haemangiosarcoma.- Haemangiopericytoma.- Kaposi’s Sarcoma.- 34. Fibroblastic Lesions, Synovial Sarcoma and Neoplasms of Adipose Tissue.- Non-Neoplastic Fibroblastic Lesions.- Neoplastic Collagenous Lesions.- Neoplastic Non-Collagenous Lesions—Fibrous Histiocytomas.- Synovial Sarcoma.- Neoplasms of Adipose Tissue.- 35. Myogenic Neoplasms; Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma.- Neoplasms of Smooth Muscle.- Neoplasms of Striated Muscle.- Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma.- 36. Cartilaginous Neoplasms and Bone-Producing Lesions.- Neoplasms of Hyaline Cartilage.- Neoplasms of Elastic Cartilage.- Elastic Cartilage Metaplasia.- Bone-Producing Lesions.- 37. Lymphomas Including Plasmacytomas.- Gross Features.- Classification.- Natural History.- Treatment.- Pseudolymphomatous Conditions.