Patch Testing and Prick Testing: A Practical Guide Official Publication of the Icdrg

ISBN-13: 9783030271015 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 246 str.

Jean-Marie LaChapelle; Howard I. Maibach

Recenzje

“The book is written for any medical practitioners interested in contact dermatitis, but dermatologists and allergists will find it most useful. The book meets the needs of this intended audience. … I highly recommend this up dated edition as there have been many breakthroughs since the last edition was published in 2012. Happy reading!” (Renata H. Mullen, Doody’s Book Reviews, April 3, 2020)

Spis treści

Contents

Introductory Remarks

Part I Patch Testing

1 Pathophysiology of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Pathophysiology of Irritant and Allergic Skin Inflammation

1.2.1 Irritant and/or Allergic Chemicals

1.2.2 Skin Irritation: Activation of Innate Immunity

1.3 Skin Allergy: The Role of Specific Immunity

1.3.1 Antigen-Specific Immunity

1.3.2 Skin Allergy: Mechanisms of Action

1.3.3 Indirect Responsibility of Chemicals in Skin Irritation

1.4 Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation: The Connection Between Innate and Acquired Immunity

References

2 Diseases for Which Patch Testing Is Recommended: Patients Who Should Be Investigated

2.1 Allergic Contact Dermatitis

2.1.1 Clinical Signs and Symptoms

2.1.2 Histopathological Features

2.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis Syndrome

2.2.1 Stage 1 of ACDS

2.2.2 Stage 2 of ACDS

2.2.3 Stage 3 of ACDS

2.3 Allergic Contact Dermatitis Versus Irritant Contact Dermatitis: Criteria for Differential Diagnosis

2.4 Other Skin Diseases in Which Patch Testing Is of Major Interest

2.5 Algorithmic Approach: Key Role of Patch Testing

2.6 Hand Dermatitis: Definition and Procedures Applied in Differential Diagnosis

2.6.1 Hand Dermatitis: Exogenous and Endogenous Factors

2.6.2 A Classification of Hand Dermatitis

2.6.3 Tools of Investigation

2.6.4 Hand Dermatitis: Some Examples of an Algorithmic Approach

2.6.5 Hand Eczema: A Controversial Issue

References

3 Patch Testing Methodology

3.1 Historical Background

3.2 Definition and Aims

3.2.1 Requirements for an Ideal Patch Testing Procedure

3.2.2 Is Patch Testing the “Gold Standard” to Investigate Patients with Allergic Contact Dermatitis?

3.3 Patch Test Units

3.3.1 Nonchamber Patch Tests

3.3.2 Chamber Patch Tests

3.3.3 Plastic Square Chambers

3.3.4 Reinforcement of Patch Test Units

3.4 A General Overview of Allergens

3.4.1 Allergens

3.4.2 Bioavailability of Allergens

3.4.3 Quality Control of Allergens

3.4.4 Appropriate Amounts of Petrolatum to Be Applied at Patch Testing

3.4.5 Appropriate Amounts of Liquids to Be Applied at Patch Testing

3.5 Specific Recommendations When Considering Patch Testing Patients

3.5.1 Patch Testing on Intact Skin Is Critical

3.5.2 Medicaments and Patch Testing

3.5.3 Pregnancy and Patch Testing

3.5.4 Patch Testing in Children

3.6 Application of Patch Tests on the Skin: Some Practical Suggestions

3.6.1 Test Sites

3.6.2 Removal of Hair

3.6.3 Degreasing of Test Site

3.6.4 Application of Test Strips

3.6.5 Instructions to Patients

3.7 Reading Time

3.7.1 Standard Patch Test Occlusion and Reading Time

3.7.2 Conventional Patch Test Reading Time

3.7.3 Reading at Day 2, Day 3, and Day 4

3.7.4 Reading at Day 7

3.7.5 Single Reading Versus Multiple Reading

3.7.6 Day 3 Versus Day 4 Reading

3.7.7 One-Day Occlusion Versus Two-Day Occlusion

3.7.8 Marking the Skin

3.7.9 Positive Control

3.7.10 Immediate Urticarial Reactions to Some Allergens

3.8 Reading and Scoring Patch Test Results

3.8.1 Scoring Codes According to the ICDRG

3.8.2 Proposal for Modified Scoring Codes of Positive Patch Test Reactions, According to ESCD and EECDRG

3.8.3 Rating Patch Test Reactions Based on Digital Images

3.8.4 Bioengineering Methods for Evaluating Skin Irritation and Allergic Reactions. A Comparison with Visual Scoring

3.8.5 Remarks About Reading and Scoring Patch Test Results

3.9 Irritant Patch Test Reactions

3.10 False-Positive Patch Test Reactions

3.11 False-Negative Patch Test Reactions

3.12 Compound Allergy

3.13 Cross-Sensitization, Concomitant Sensitization, and Polysensitization

3.13.1 Cross-Sensitization

3.13.2 Concomitant Sensitization

3.13.3 Polysensitization

3.14 Unwanted Adverse Reactions of Patch Testing

3.14.1 Patch Test Sensitization (“Active Sensitization”)

3.14.2 Excited Skin Syndrome (“Angry Back”)

3.15 Patch Test Readings in Different Ethnic Populations

3.15.1 Patch Test Reading in Oriental Populations

3.15.2 Patch Test Reading in Black Populations

3.16 Patch Testing Techniques in Different Climatic Environments

3.16.1 Temperate Climates

3.16.2 Tropical Climates

3.16.3 Patch Testing Procedures in the Tropics

3.17 Is Self-assessment of Allergic Contact Dermatitis by Patients Recommendable?

3.17.1 Self-assessment by Questionnaires

3.17.2 Self-readings of Patch Tests by Patients

References

4 Baseline Series of Patch Tests

4.1 Historical Background

4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Baseline Series of Patch Tests

4.2.1 Advantages

4.2.2 Disadvantages

4.3 The Different Baseline Series of Patch Tests

4.3.1 ICDRG-Revised International Minimal Baseline Series of Patch Tests

4.3.2 The Updated 2019 European Baseline Series on Behalf of the ESCD and EECDRG

4.3.3 The Updated 20109 North American Baseline Series on Behalf of the NACDG

4.3.4 The Updated 2019 Japanese Baseline Series on Behalf of the JCDS

4.4 “Mixes” of Baseline Series

4.5 Concise Information About Allergens Included in the Updated 2011 Minimal Baseline Series of the ICDRG

4.6 Concise Information on Other Common Allergens Included in the Updated 2011 Minimal Baseline Series of the ICDRG

4.7 Additional Series of Patch Tests

4.8  The Preservative Methylisothiazolinone : The New Star of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

References

5 Photopatch Testing

5.1 Definition and Aims

5.2 Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis

5.3 Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis Versus Airborne Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Criteria for Differential Diagnosis

5.4 Photoallergic Drug Eruptions

5.5 Photopatch Testing Methodology

5.6 Light Sources

5.7 Proposal for a Photopatch Test Series

References

6 The T.R.U.E. Test® Methodology

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The T.R.U.E. Test® Methodology

6.3 More Practical Information About the Technology of The T.R.U.E. Test®

6.4 Regulatory Information

6.5 Standard The T.R.U.E. Test®  Series

6.6 New Additions

6.7 Methodology of Use

6.8 Additional Information

6.9 Note

References

7 Additional Testing Procedures and Spot Tests

7.1 Strip Patch Test

7.2 Open Test

7.3 Semi-open (or Semi-occlusive) Tests

7.4 Repeated Open Application Test

7.5 Testing Procedures with Unknown Substances

7.5.1 Strategy

7.5.2 Steps Required Prior to Any Testing Procedure

7.5.3 Testing Procedures with Solid Products and Extracts

7.5.4 The Use of Ultrasonic Bath Extracts in the Search of the Culprit(s) Allergen(s) present in Solid Products

7.5.5 Testing Procedures with Cosmetics and Other Related Products

7.6 Oral Provocation Test (Oral Challenge)

7.7 Other Investigations

7.7.1 pH Measurement

7.7.2 Spot Tests

7.7.3 Chemical Analysis

7.8 Additional Remarks About Chemistry and Immunology in Relationship with Allergic Contact Dermatitis

References

8 Clinical Relevance of Patch Test Reactions

8.1 Introduction

8.2 General Principles

8.3 Past and Current Relevance

8.4 Scoring System

8.5 Strategies

8.5.1 Clinical History

8.5.2 Environmental Evaluation

8.5.3 Further Correlations

8.5.4 Additional Investigations

8.6 Suggestions for Improved Evidence-Based Diagnosis of Relevance

8.7 Additional Remark

References

9  Atopic Dermatitis, Irritant Contact Dermatitis, and Allergic Contact Dermatitis

9.1 Preliminary Remarks

9.2 Etiopathogenic Advances

9.3 Disruption of the Skin Barrier

9.4 Increased Disruption of the Skin Barrier in AD

9.5 Hand Eczema

9.6 Other Skin Typical Locations of Lesions in AD

9.7 Guidelines for the Practice of Patch Testing

References

Part II Prick Testing

10 Spectrum of Diseases for Which Prick Testing and Open (Non-prick) Testing Are Recommended: Patients Who Should Be Investigated

10.1 Contact Urticaria Syndrome

10.1.1 Clinical Symptoms and Stages of CUS

10.1.2 Etiology and Mechanisms of CUS

10.1.3 Contact Urticaria to Natural Rubber Latex

10.2 Protein Contact Dermatitis

References

11 Methodology of Open (Non-prick) Testing, Prick Testing, and Its Variants

11.1 Introductory Remarks

11.2 Open (Non-prick) Testing

11.3 Prick Test: Technical Modalities and Reading

11.3.1 Technique of Puncture

11.3.2 Control Solutions

11.3.3 Reading Time

11.3.4 Reading Prick Test Results

11.3.5 Medicaments and Prick Testing

11.3.6 False-Negative Reactions

11.3.7 False-Positive Reactions

11.3.8 Prick Tests in Children and Babies

11.4 Prick-by-Prick Test

11.5 Scratch Test

11.5 Scratch-Chamber Test

11.7 Comparative Indications of Open (Non-prick) Testing, Prick Testing, and Other Related Tests

11.8 Intradermal Testing for Type 1 Hypersensitivity

11.9 Prick Testing: Allergens of Interest for Skin Problems

11.9.1 Latex

11.9.2 Airborne Environmental per Annum Allergens

11.9.3 Airborne Environmental Seasonal Allergens

11.9.4 Food Allergens (Trophallergens)

11.9.5 Occupational Allergens

11.9.6 Fungi

11.9.7 Miscellaneous (Immunological and/or Non-immunological) Urticariogens

References

Part III Testing in Cutaneous Systemic Immune-Related Adverse Drug Reactions: Interest and Limitations

12 Testing Procedures in Cutaneous Systemic Immune-Related Adverse Drug Reactions

12.1 General Considerations

12.2 Proposal of a Classification of CADR

12.3 Tools of Investigation in CADR

12.4 Histopathological Limitations in Diagnosis of a CADR

12.5 Patch Testing in CADR

12.5.1 Spectrum of CADRs for Which Patch Testing Is Recommended

12.5.2 Spectrum of CADRs for Which Patch Testing Can Be Performed (Being Still Controversial)

12.5.3 Spectrum of CADRs for Which Patch Testing Is of No Interest

12.5.4 Guidelines in Drug Patch Testing: General Rules

12.5.5 Technical Aspects of Drug Patch Testing

12.5.6 Readings of Drug Patch Tests

12.5.7 False-Negative Patch Test Reactions

12.5.8 False-Positive Patch Test Reactions

12.6 Prick Testing in CADR

12.7 Intradermal Testing in CADR

12.8 Oral Provocation Test (Oral Challenge) in CADR

References

Appendices

Appendix A: Additional Series of Patch Tests

A.1 Introductory Remarks

A.2 Bakery Series

A.3 Corticosteroid Series

A.4 Cosmetic Series

A.5 Epoxy Resin Series

A.6 Hairdressing Series

A.7 Isocyanate Series

A.8 Metal Series

A.9 (Meth)Acrylate Series

A.10 Plastics and Glues Series

A.11 Rubber Additives Series

A.12 Textile Dyes and Finish Series

A.13 Other Series

References

Appendix B: The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group

B.1 Historical Background

B.2 Current Tasks and Strategy of the ICDRG

B.3 ICDRG Members

References

Appendix C: A List of Companies Producing and/or Distributing Patch and/or Prick Test Materials and/or Allergens

C.1 Introductory Remarks

C.2 List of Companies

O autorze

Jean-Marie Lachapelle is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Dermatology at Université Catholique de Louvain in Belgium. He is one of the foremost experts in patch testing and contact dermatitis.

Howard Maibach, MD is an expert in contact and occupational dermatitis and sees patient at the Environmental Dermatosis Clinic, which is part of the Dermatology Clinic. His specialty is dermatotoxicology, or skin exposure toxicity; allergies and skin disorders; and dermatopharmacology or the study of medications for skin disorders. Dr. Maibach has been on the editorial board of more than 30 scientific journals and is a member of 19 professional societies, including the American Academy of Dermatology, San Francisco Dermatological Society and the Internal Commission on Occupation Health. He is a professor in the Department of Dermatology at UCSF.