Oxidative Injury in Dermatopathology

ISBN-13: 9783642768255 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 360 str.

J. Rgen Fuchs

Opis

Dermatology is a complex and puzzling world of itching bumps, pim ples, and rashes. The multitude of clinically distinct skin diseases, their frequently unresolved pathogenesis, and the exponentially in creasing amount of scientific information add to the confusion about skin diseases. The great prevalence of skin diseases makes them an urgent priority for intensive research effort, and although many scientists and academic clinicians are vigorously trying to uncover we are only at the very brink of understanding the etiol their secrets, ogy of most dermatoses. The principle mechanisms of general organ pathology (physical, chemical, microbial, ischemic, degenerative, and neoplastic disturb ances) are believed to be relatively well understood. In contrast to skin pathomorphology, however little is known regarding the bio chemistry and physiology of dermatoses. The difficulty in under standing skin diseases may be overcome partially by finding biome dical simplifications, and the concept of "oxidative injury in dermatopathology" is just such a simplification. It should, of course, always be kept in mind that no single mechanism alone can explain the pathogenesis of a disease and that there may be a danger of over looking other important biological determinants."

Spis treści

1 History of a Concept.- 2 The Skin and Oxidative Stress.- A. Introduction.- I. Skin and Environmental Stress.- II. Oxidative Stress.- III. Skin as a Target Organ of Oxidative Injury.- B. Biological Oxidants.- I. Superoxide Anion Radical.- II. Hydrogen Peroxide.- III. Hydroxyl Radical.- IV. Singlet Oxygen.- V. Transition Metals.- VI. Radical Chelates.- VII. Hydroperoxides and Lipid Radicals.- VIII. Thiyl Radicals.- C. Production Sites of Reactive Oxidants in Skin.- I. Plasma Membrane.- II. Mitochondria.- III. Microsomes.- IV. Peroxisomes.- V. Cytosol.- D. Targets of Reactive Oxidants in Skin.- I. Lipids.- 1. Skin Lipid Composition.- 2. Lipid Peroxidation in Skin.- II. Proteins.- 1. Collagen.- 2. Proteases and Antiproteases.- 3. Amyloid.- 4. Amino Acid Racemization.- III. Carbohydrates.- IV. Nucleic Acids.- E. The Antioxidant System of the Skin.- I. Superoxide Dismutase.- II. Catalase.- III. Peroxidases.- IV. The Enzymic Glutathione System.- V. Thioredoxin Reductase System.- VI. Lipoamide System.- VII. NADPH Ubiquinone Reductase.- VIII. Nonenzymic Protein Antioxidants.- IX. Hydrophilic Antioxidants.- 1. Thiols.- 2. Ascorbate.- 3. Urate.- X. Lipophilic Antioxidants.- 1. Tocopherol.- 2. Vitamin A and Carotenoids.- 3. Ubiquinols/Ubiquinones.- 4. Bilirubin.- XI. Antioxidant Capacity of Skin.- 1. Regulation of the Skin Antioxidant Potential.- F. Biological Models for Studying Oxygen Toxicity.- I. Exercise Training.- II. Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment.- 3 Reactive Oxidants and Antioxidants in Skin Pathophysiology.- A. Electromagnetic Radiation.- I. Ionizing Radiation.- 1. Formation of Reactive Species.- 2. Skin Damage.- 3. Ionizing Radiation and Lipid Peroxidation.- 4. Oxygen as a Radiation Sensitizer.- 5. Skin Radioprotection by Antioxidants.- II. Nonionizing Radiation.- 1. Formation of Reactive Oxidants by Ultraviolet Light.- 2. Ultraviolet-Light-Induced Skin Damage.- 3. Photoprotection by Antioxidants.- 4. Ultraviolet Light Effects on Skin Antioxidants.- 5. Infrared Radiation.- 6. Ultrasound.- III. Photosensitization.- 1. Endogenous Photosensitizers.- 2. Exogenous Photosensitizers.- IV. Photoaging.- V. Photocarcinogenesis.- 1. Photocarcinogenesis and Lipid Peroxidation.- 2. Photocarcinogenesis and Antioxidants.- VI. Photoimmunology.- VII. Skin Diseases with Abnormal Reactions to Light.- 1. Lupus Erythematosus.- 2. Diseases with Increased Cellular Susceptibility.- B. Mechanical and Thermal Skin Trauma.- I. Wound Healing.- II. Skin Burns.- C. Skin Ischemia.- I. Acute Skin Response to Ischemia.- II. Hematoma and Venous Ulcers.- III. Skin Ischemia after Burn/Frostbite.- D. Microbial Skin Diseases.- I. Autotoxicity.- E. Skin Aging.- I. Collagen.- II. Elastin.- III. Glycosaminoglycans.- IV. Lipid Peroxidation.- V. Fluorescent Pigments.- VI. Amyloid.- VII. Antioxidants.- F. Skin Immunology.- G. Skin Inflammation.- I. Phagocytes.- 1. Neutrophil Granulocytes.- 2. Eosinophil Granulocytes.- 3. Macrophages.- 4. Reactive Oxidants and Protease Inhibitors.- II. Immune Complexes and Endothelial Injury.- III. Clastogenic Products.- IV. Lipid Peroxidation Products.- V. Prostanoid Metabolism.- VI. Reactive Oxidants as Modulators of Inflammation.- H. Oxidative Injury in Skin Diseases.- I. Skin Diseases with Vasculitis.- 1. Neutrophilic Vasculitis.- 2. Lymphocytic Vasculitis.- II. Mesenchymal Autoimmune Disorders.- 1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- 2. Progressive Systemic Sclerosis.- III. Skin Diseases with Tissue Neutrophilia.- 1. Psoriasis Vulgaris.- 2. Sweet’s Syndrome.- 3. Dermatitis Herpetiformis Duhring.- IV. Skin Diseases with Tissue Eosinophilia.- 1. Bullous Pemphigoid.- 2. Pemphigus Herpetiformis.- V. Skin Diseases with Tissue Lymphocytosis.- 1. Atopic Dermatitis.- VI. Skin Diseases with Deficiency in Nutritional Antioxidants.- 1. Kwashiorkor Dermatitis.- I. Skin Carcinogenesis.- I. Reactive Oxidants in Carcinogenesis.- II. Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor Promotion.- III. Peroxides as Tumor Promotors.- IV. Phorbol Ester Type Tumor Promotors.- V. Modulation of Pro- and Antioxidant Skin Enzymes by Tumor Promotors.- VI. Antioxidants as Antipromotors and Antiinitiators.- VII. Endogenous Antioxidants in Skin Neoplasms.- 4 Dermatopharmacology.- A. Chemotherapy.- I. Tocopherol.- II. Superoxide Dismutase.- III. Retinoids.- IV. Carotenoids.- V. Anthralin.- VI. Organic Gold Compounds.- VII. Glucocorticosteroids and Nonsteroidal Antiphlogistic Drugs.- VIII. Tetracyclines.- IX. Metronidazole.- X. Colchicine.- XI. Dapsone.- XII. Clofazimine.- XIII. Thalidomide.- XIV. Iodide.- XV. Chloroquine.- XVI. Flavonoids.- XVII. Zinc.- XVIII. Benzoyl Peroxide.- XIX. Tetrachlorodecaoxide.- XX. Dimethylsulfoxide.- XXI. Hyperbaric Oxygen.- B. Photochemotherapy.- I. 8-Methoxypsoralen.- II. Hematoporphyrin.- III. Goeckermann Therapy.- IV. Ingram Therapy.- 5 Dermatotoxicology.- A. Irritant Contact Dermatitis and Skin Necrosis.- I. Lipid Peroxidation Products.- II. Anticancer Agents.- III. Charge Transfer Mechanism.- IV. Chemical Warfare Agents.- B. Allergic Contact Dermatitis.- C. Chemical-Induced Skin Sclerosis.- I. Paraquat-Induced Lung Fibrosis.- II. Skin Sclerosis.- III. Chemical-Induced Scleroderma.- 1. Quartz.- 2. Bleomycin.- 3. Vitamin K1.- 4. Toxic Oil Syndrome.- 5. Biogenic Amines.- 6. Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- D. Chemical Leukoderma.- E. Chemical-Induced Comedogenesis.- Synopsis.- References.