Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Urban Environment: Assessments and Applications in Urban Planning and Design

ISBN-13: 9789811652448 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 158 str.

Kevin Ka Lau; Zheng Tan; Tobi Eniolu Morakinyo

Spis treści

Part 1 Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Urban Planning and Design of High-density Cities
1. Characteristics of Thermal Comfort in Outdoor Environment
1.1 Urban Climate
1.2 Impacts of Urban Geometry
1.3 Urban Living Environment
1.4 High-density Urban Planning and Design
1.5 Objectives of This Book

Part 2 Subjective Evaluation of Outdoor Thermal Comfort
2. Human Thermal Comfort in Sub-tropical Urban Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Outdoor Thermal Comfort Studies in the World
2.1.2 Objectives of the Study
2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Micro-meteorological Measurements
2.2.2 User Questionnaire Survey
2.2.3 Statistical Analysis
2.3 Determination of the Neutral Physiological Equivalent Temperature (nPET)
2.3.1 Relationship between Meteorological Parameters and Subjective Thermal Sensation
2.3.2 Neutral Physiological Equivalent Temperature
2.3.3 The Need for Wind in High-density Urban Settings
2.4 Implications on Urban Planning and Urban Geometry Design
2.4.1 Reduction in Solar Heat Gain
2.4.2 Improving Thermal Load
2.4.3 Increasing Urban Air Ventilation
2.5 Conclusions
References

3. Dynamic Response of Pedestrian Thermal Comfort under Outdoor Transient Conditions     
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Transient Thermal Conditions
3.1.2 Non-steady State Thermal Comfort Models
3.1.3 Objectives of the Study
3.2 Experimental Design
3.2.1 Survey Campaign
3.2.2 Mobile Meteorological Measurements
3.3 Results of the Study
3.3.1 Meteorological Conditions
3.3.2 Spatio-temporal Variations of Physiological Equivalent Temperature and Subjective Thermal Sensation
3.3.3 Effect of Urban Geometry on Thermal Comfort
3.4 Understanding the Dynamic Nature of Pedestrian Thermal Comfort
3.4.1 Rate of Changes of Thermal Sensation
3.4.2 Thermal History of Subjects
3.4.3 Thresholds of Thermal Discomfort
3.5 Implications on Urban Geometry Design
3.5.1 Rhythm of Human Thermal Sensation
3.5.2 Diversity of Urban Geometry
3.6 Conclusions
References

4. Environmental Perception and Outdoor Thermal Comfort in High-density Cities
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Psychological Aspects of Thermal Comfort
4.1.2 Variability of Outdoor Environment
4.1.3 Objectives of the Study
4.2 Data and Methodology
4.2.1 Study Sites
4.2.2 Questionnaire Survey
4.2.3 Micro-meteorological Measurements
4.2.4 Regression Analysis
4.3 Regression Models
4.3.1 Subjective Thermal Sensation and Comfort
4.3.2 Regression Models for Perceived Environmental Quality
4.3.3 Model Evaluation
4.4 Implications on the Design of Pedestrian Environment
4.4.1 Significance of Environmental Quality in Human Thermal Sensation
4.4.2 Outdoor Environmental Quality in Neighbourhood Assessment
4.5 Conclusions
References

Part 3 Computer Modelling of Outdoor Thermal Comfort
5. Numerical Modelling of Mean Radiant Temperature in High-density Cities
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Urban Geometry and Shading
5.1.2 Measurements and Modelling of Mean Radiant Temperature
5.1.3 Objectives of the Study
5.2 Data and Methodology
4.2.1 Study Area
4.2.2 SOLWEIG Model and Input Data
5.3 Modelling Results
5.3.1 Performance of the SOLWEIG Model
5.3.2 Spatial Variation of Mean Radiant Temperature
5.3.3 Temporal Changes of the Spatial Pattern of Mean Radiant Temperature
5.3.4 Identification of Heat Stress Area
5.4 Conclusions
References

6. Urban Greening Strategies for Enhancing Outdoor Thermal Comfort in High-density Urban Areas
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Challenges in Climatic Planning for Urban Greenery in High-density Cities
6.1.2 Urban Morphology and Greenery in Urban Environment
6.1.3 Objectives of the Study
6.2 Data and Methodology
6.2.1 Study Area and Field Measurements
6.2.2 Testing Variables and Model Initialization
6.2.3 Case Studies
6.3 Modelling Results
6.3.1 Field Measurements and Model Validation
6.3.2 Spatial Variation of Mean Radiant Temperature
6.3.3 Results of Parametric Study
6.3.4 Case Study 1: The SVF-based Planning Method
6.3.5 Case Study 2: Site-specific Climatic Design Strategies
6.4 Potential Applications in Urban Planning and Design Strategies
6.4.1 Greening Master Plans for Designated Urban Districts
6.4.2 Urban Heat Island Mitigation Strategies
6.5 Conclusions
References

7. Impact of Shadow-cast and Tree Species on Neighbourhood Outdoor Thermal Comfort   
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Background
7.1.2 Urban Geometry and Street Tree Planting
7.1.3 Objectives of the Study
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Study Framework
7.2.2 Model Description, Initialization and Validation
7.2.3 Experimental Setup and Parameterization
7.3 Results of Parametric Study
7.3.1 Impact of Shadow-cast Only on In-canyon Thermal Comfort Improvement
7.3.2 Effect of Tree Species on Thermal Comfort Improvement in Open Area
7.3.3 Effect of Tree Species on In-canyon Thermal Comfort Improvement
7.3.4 Impact of Shadow-cast on In-canyon Tree Potential for Thermal Comfort Improvement
7.4 Discussion and Design Recommendations
7.4.1 Recommended Street Tree Planting Strategies
7.4.2 Design Study in Realistic Neighborhood
7.5 Conclusions and Future Work
References

Part 4 Applications of Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Urban Planning and Design Framework
8. Urban Climatic Map: Thermal Comfort as the Synergizing Indicator
8.1 User’s Wind Comfort Level Survey
8.1.1 Survey Design
8.1.2 Data Analysis
8.2 Defining the Wind Standard for Outdoor Thermal Comfort
8.2.1 Neutral Physiological Equivalent Temperature for Summer
8.2.2 Wind Standard in Sub-tropical High-density Cities
8.3 Collating Layers of Urban Climatic Map
8.4 Sustainable Building Design Guidelines

9. BEAM Plus Neighbourhood: A Rating Tool for Sustainable Communities
9.1 Background of the BEAM Plus Assessment Framework
9.2 Outdoor Environmental Quality: Outdoor Thermal Comfort
9.2.1 Assessment Criteria
9.2.2 Assessment Methods
9.3 Selected Accredited Projects

10. Epilogue:​

O autorze

Dr Kevin Ka-Lun Lau is Research Assistant Professor at Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His primary research interest is on the relationship between the built environment and urban climate, with a particular focus on human thermal comfort in outdoor environment. His research ranges from numerical modelling of urban microclimate to field studies of outdoor thermal comfort, with over 50 articles published in peer-reviewed journals. He is a member of the WMO Expert Network of the Commission for Observation, Infrastructure and Information Systems and the Commission for Weather, Climate, Water and Related Environmental Services and Applications. Dr Lau is also affiliated with CUHK Jockey Club Institute of Ageing where he collaborates with public health experts on the inter-relationships between the built environment, urban climate and the health of citizens. He is experienced in translation research which transfers scientific knowledge into practical guidance in climate-sensitive urban planning and design. He is currently working on a collaborative project on increasing the resilience of elderly population to the impacts of extreme hot weather in the future, which focuses on enhancing weather information services, mitigation strategies through neighbourhood and building design, and awareness and preparedness of elderly population through community services. He is also leading an international study of developing a global database for outdoor thermal comfort studies and establishing a standardised methodology for conducting outdoor thermal comfort surveys under the IAUC working group of outdoor thermal comfort.

Dr Zheng Tan is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Building and Real Estate, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Tanya received her M.Sc. in Sustainable and Environmental Design (Distinction) and Ph.D. in Architecture from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, in 2010 and 2016, respectively. She was a Research Fellow in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU Singapore), and a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. She then joined the Mechanical and Civil Engineering Department at Hautes Études d'Ingénieur, Université Catholique de Lille for teaching and research. Her research interests focus on sustainable urban planning and design, urban climate, age-friendly cities, design and human perception. Since 2014 Tanya has been involved in teaching architectural design studio, sustainable urban planning, green building design strategies, and computer simulation (microclimate modelling and building energy performance simulation).

Dr Tobi Eniolu Morakinyo is an assistant professor in the School of Geography, University College Dublin. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in the City University of Hong Kong and joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 2016. He is specialised in numerical modelling of urban microclimate using the ENVI-met model and his research interests are primarily in the thermal benefits of different types of urban greenery. He led several research projects broadly focusing on implementation strategies of nature-based solutions for climate-sensitive urban planning and design in high-density cities. These projects and others have led to the publication of 20 peer-reviewed articles in top rank international journals including Building and Environment, Energy and Buildings, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, Renewable Energy, Journal of Environmental Management, and Urban Climate etc.

Dr. Chao REN is an Associate Professor in The Faculty of Architecture at The University of Hong Kong. She has lectured widely in the leading institutions on topics of environmental design and urban climatic application. Her research interest is Sustainable Urban and Environmental Design and Urban Climatic Application in Urban Planning. She has published widely in highly ranked journals and peer-reviewed conferences, focusing primarily on examining the relationship between urban climate and urban morphological characteristics, developing an urban climatic mapping system, and analysing urbanization-induced human thermal comfort and public health risk impacts for high-density or compact cities. Dr. Ren has involved in several governmental research projects in China (Hong Kong, Macau, Wuhan, Changchun and Beijing), Taiwan (Kaohsiung), The Netherlands (Arhem) and France (Toulouse) since 2006. She has been invited by international organizations including WMO, WHO and UNEP to develop urban climate related guides, reports and training materials.