Contributors; Acknowledgments; A Note on Transliteration; Chapter 1: Introduction, Vefa Erginba?; Chapter 2: The Rise of the “Religion and State” Order: Re-Confessionalization of State and Society in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, R?za Y?ld?r?m; Chapter 3: One Word, Many Implications: The Term “K?z?lba?” in the Early Modern Ottoman Context, Ay?e Baltac?o?lu-Brammer; Chapter 4: Reappraising Ottoman religiosity in the last decades of the sixteenth-century: Mustafa Darir’s Siret and its Alid content, Vefa Erginba?; Chapter 5: Confessionalization or a quest for order? A comparative look at religion and state in the seventeenth-century Ottoman, Russian, and Habsburg Empires, Yasir Y?lmaz; Chapter 6: From the Hamzav?yye to the Melamiyye: Transformation of an Order in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul, F. Betül Yavuz; Chapter 7: Fabricating the Great Mass: Heresy and Legitimate Plurality in Harputlu ?shak Efendi’s Polemics against the Bekt??? Order, Benjamin Weineck; Chapter 8: The Ottoman Policy of “Correction of Belief(s)”, Necati Alkan; Chapter 9: Some Reflections on the Fluidity of Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in an Ottoman Sunni Context, John J. Curry; Bibliography.