Optics in the Air: Observing Optical Phenomena through Airplane Windows

ISBN-13: 9781510607293 / Angielski / Miękka / 2017 / 194 str.

Joseph A. Shaw

Spis treści

• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Purpose and Scope
• 1.2 Observation and Photography Tips
• 1.2.1 Where and when to look
• 1.2.2 Photography tips
• 1.2.3 Airplane-window optical effects
• 1.3 Organization of the Book
• References
• 2 Sky Colors
• 2.1 Clear Sky Colors
• 2.2 Sunrise and Sunset Colors
• 2.3 Scattering by Smoke and Air Pollution
• 2.4 Skylight Angular Distribution
• 2.5 The Green Flash
• 2.6 Mie Scattering from Rain Drops and Cloud Droplets
• References
• 3 Coronas and Iridescence
• 3.1 Corona
• 3.2 Iridescence
• References
• 4 Rainbows and Cloudbows
• 4.1 Rainbow Colors and Geometry
• 4.2 Cloudbows and Fogbows
• 4.3 Rainbow and Cloudbow Polarization
• 4.4 Supernumerary Bows
• 4.5 Red and Infrared Rainbows
• References
• 5 Glories
• 5.1 Glory Geometry
• 5.2 Glories and Airplane Shadow
• 5.3 Noncircular Glories
• 5.4 Opposition Effect and Heiligenschein
• References
• 6 Shadows
• 6.1 Eclipses
• 6.2 Airplane Shadows
• 6.3 Mountain Shadows
• 6.4 Contrail Shadows
• 6.5 Cloud Shadows
• 6.6 Crepuscular and Anti-crepuscular Rays
• 6.7 Earth's Shadow
• References
• 7 Water Colors and Glitter
• 7.1 Water Colors
• 7.2 Water Waves
• 7.3 Water Reflections
• 7.4 Glints and Glitter
• References
• 8 Halos and Pillars
• 8.1 Refraction in Ice Crystals
• 8.1.1 Sundogs or parhelia
• 8.1.2 22-deg halo
• 8.1.3 Upper and lower tangent arcs
• 8.2 Reflections from Ice Crystals
• 8.3 Other Ice Crystal Optical Effects
• 8.3.1 Subparhelia
• 8.3.2 Refraction in 90-deg prism ice crystals
• 8.3.3 Bottlinger's rings
• References
• 9 Noctilucent Clouds and Aurora
• 9.1 Midnight Sun
• 9.2 Noctilucent Clouds
• 9.3 Aurora
• References
• 10 Colors from Polarization
• 10.1 Skylight Polarization
• 10.2 Colors from Birefringent Airplane Windows
• References
• 11 Scenery and Interesting Sights
• Appendix: International Airport Codes