Optical Engineering Science

ISBN-13: 9781119302803 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 664 str.

Stephen Rolt

Opis

Optical Engineering Science is a facilitating technology. It underpins the design of commercial optical systems, such as mobile phone cameras and digital cameras as well as highly sophisticated instruments for commercial and research applications. At one end of the scale, this might include the design, manufacture and test of space or aerospace instrumentation. At the other end of the scale, this might embrace optical sensor technology for environmental monitoring. In addition, it is a discipline that is relevant to the laboratory practice in optics in a very wide variety of applications, both commercial and research. This book is a comprehensive text on Optical Engineering. It brings together a basic theoretical treatment of classical optics and combines it with an all embracing practitioner's view of the field of optics. It expands to examine a wide range of practical topics, relating to optical design, optical metrology and manufacturing. Whilst some aspects of the book appear in academic and specialist texts, no comprehensive text covers all these aspects in a single unified treatment, particularly those aimed at an engineering (and not physics) audience. Intended for the professional working in the field of optics as a reference text, the concept has grown out of a series of lectures delivered both at the graduate and professional level.

Spis treści

Preface xxiGlossary xxvAbout the Companion Website xxix1 Geometrical Optics 11.1 Geometrical Optics - Ray and Wave Optics 11.2 Fermat's Principle and the Eikonal Equation 21.3 Sequential Geometrical Optics - A Generalised Description 31.4 Behaviour of Simple Optical Components and Surfaces 101.5 Paraxial Approximation and Gaussian Optics 151.6 Matrix Ray Tracing 16Further Reading 212 Apertures Stops and Simple Instruments 232.1 Function of Apertures and Stops 232.2 Aperture Stops, Chief, and Marginal Rays 232.3 Entrance Pupil and Exit Pupil 252.4 Telecentricity 272.5 Vignetting 272.6 Field Stops and Other Stops 282.7 Tangential and Sagittal Ray Fans 282.8 Two Dimensional Ray Fans and Anamorphic Optics 282.9 Optical Invariant and Lagrange Invariant 302.10 Eccentricity Variable 312.11 Image Formation in Simple Optical Systems 31Further Reading 363 Monochromatic Aberrations 373.1 Introduction 373.2 Breakdown of the Paraxial Approximation and Third Order Aberrations 373.3 Aberration and Optical Path Difference 413.4 General Third Order Aberration Theory 463.5 Gauss-Seidel Aberrations 473.6 Summary of Third Order Aberrations 55Further Reading 584 Aberration Theory and Chromatic Aberration 594.1 General Points 594.2 Aberration Due to a Single Refractive Surface 604.3 Reflection from a Spherical Mirror 644.4 Refraction Due to Optical Components 674.5 The Effect of Pupil Position on Element Aberration 784.6 Abbe Sine Condition 814.7 Chromatic Aberration 834.8 Hierarchy of Aberrations 92Further Reading 945 Aspheric Surfaces and Zernike Polynomials 955.1 Introduction 955.2 Aspheric Surfaces 955.3 Zernike Polynomials 100Further Reading 1096 Diffraction, Physical Optics, and Image Quality 1116.1 Introduction 1116.2 The Eikonal Equation 1126.3 Huygens Wavelets and the Diffraction Formulae 1126.4 Diffraction in the Fraunhofer Approximation 1156.5 Diffraction in an Optical System - the Airy Disc 1166.6 The Impact of Aberration on System Resolution 1206.7 Laser Beam Propagation 1236.8 Fresnel Diffraction 1306.9 Diffraction and Image Quality 132Further Reading 1387 Radiometry and Photometry 1397.1 Introduction 1397.2 Radiometry 1397.3 Scattering of Light from Rough Surfaces 1467.4 Scattering of Light from Smooth Surfaces 1477.5 Radiometry and Object Field Illumination 1517.6 Radiometric Measurements 1557.7 Photometry 158Further Reading 1668 Polarisation and Birefringence 1698.1 Introduction 1698.2 Polarisation 1708.3 Birefringence 1788.4 Polarisation Devices 1878.5 Analysis of Polarisation Components 1918.6 Stress-induced Birefringence 196Further Reading 1979 Optical Materials 1999.1 Introduction 1999.2 Refractive Properties of Optical Materials 2009.3 Transmission Characteristics of Materials 2129.4 Thermomechanical Properties 2159.5 Material Quality 2199.6 Exposure to Environmental Attack 2219.7 Material Processing 221Further Reading 22210 Coatings and Filters 22310.1 Introduction 22310.2 Properties of Thin Films 22310.3 Filters 23210.4 Design of Thin Film Filters 24410.5 Thin Film Materials 24610.6 Thin Film Deposition Processes 247Further Reading 25011 Prisms and Dispersion Devices 25111.1 Introduction 25111.2 Prisms 25111.3 Analysis of Diffraction Gratings 25711.4 Diffractive Optics 27311.5 Grating Fabrication 274Further Reading 27612 Lasers and Laser Applications 27712.1 Introduction 27712.2 Stimulated Emission Schemes 27912.3 Laser Cavities 28412.4 Taxonomy of Lasers 29312.5 List of Laser Types 29812.6 Laser Applications 301Further Reading 30813 Optical Fibres and Waveguides 30913.1 Introduction 30913.2 Geometrical Description of Fibre Propagation 31013.3 Waveguides and Modes 31713.4 Single Mode Optical Fibres 32413.5 Optical Fibre Materials 32913.6 Coupling of Light into Fibres 33013.7 Fibre Splicing and Connection 33413.8 Fibre Splitters, Combiners, and Couplers 33513.9 Polarisation and Polarisation Maintaining Fibres 33513.10 Focal Ratio Degradation 33613.11 Periodic Structures in Fibres 33613.12 Fibre Manufacture 33813.13 Fibre Applications 339Further Reading 33914 Detectors 34114.1 Introduction 34114.2 Detector Types 34114.3 Noise in Detectors 35414.4 Radiometry and Detectors 36414.5 Array Detectors in Instrumentation 365Further Reading 36815 Optical Instrumentation - Imaging Devices 36915.1 Introduction 36915.2 The Design of Eyepieces 37015.3 Microscope Objectives 37815.4 Telescopes 38115.5 Camera Systems 392Further Reading 40516 Interferometers and Related Instruments 40716.1 Introduction 40716.2 Background 40716.3 Classical Interferometers 40916.4 Calibration 41816.5 Interferometry and Null Tests 42016.6 Interferometry and Phase Shifting 42516.7 Miscellaneous Characterisation Techniques 426Further Reading 43317 Spectrometers and Related Instruments 43517.1 Introduction 43517.2 Basic Spectrometer Designs 43617.3 Time Domain Spectrometry 454Further Reading 45718 Optical Design 45918.1 Introduction 45918.2 Design Philosophy 46118.3 Optical Design Tools 46718.4 Non-Sequential Modelling 48718.5 Afterword 495Further Reading 49519 Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Modelling 49719.1 Introduction 49719.2 Basic Elastic Theory 49819.3 Basic Analysis of Mechanical Distortion 50119.4 Basic Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Distortion 51719.5 Finite Element Analysis 525Further Reading 52920 Optical Component Manufacture 53120.1 Introduction 53120.2 Conventional Figuring of Optical Surfaces 53220.3 Specialist Shaping and Polishing Techniques 53920.4 Diamond Machining 54120.5 Edging and Bonding 54720.6 Form Error and Surface Roughness 55020.7 Standards and Drawings 551Further Reading 55721 System Integration and Alignment 55921.1 Introduction 55921.2 Component Mounting 56121.3 Optical Bonding 57321.4 Alignment 57721.5 Cleanroom Assembly 583Further Reading 58622 Optical Test and Verification 58722.1 Introduction 58722.2 Facilities 58922.3 Environmental Testing 59122.4 Geometrical Testing 59522.5 Image Quality Testing 60322.6 Radiometric Tests 60422.7 Material and Component Testing 609Further Reading 612Index 613

O autorze

STEPHEN ROLT, D.Phil, formerly Senior Optical Engineer at Durham University, United Kingdom. He has had a thirty-year career in optics that has embraced both industry and academia. Dr. Rolt spent 20 years in applied research at the Standard Communication Laboratories and has filed over 25 patents in the optical technology field.