Ontogenesis of the Visual System

ISBN-13: 9783540087267 / Angielski / Miękka / 1978 / 138 str.

K. J. Zilles

Opis

An ontogenetic study of the central nervous system is an important tool for the under- standing of its morphological and morpho-functional relations. Numerous qualitative results on the ontogenesis of the visual system can be found in the literature, but there are only very few quantitative results fulfilling the following parameters: (1) samples of sufficient size; (2) measurements considering results of stereology; (3) evaluation and interpretation performed with sound biomathematical methods; (4) quantitative of the shrinkage caused by the histological technic. The first three results independent demands can be fulfilled by using available computerized stereological and biomathe- matical methods (Kretschmann and Wingert, 1968, 1969a, b, c, 1971; Wingert, 1969; Zilies and Wingert, 1972; Zilies et al., 1976a, c, d). The interdisciplinary cooperation between morphologists and mathematicians makes possible the analysis of the volume growth, the number of nerve-and glial cells in a whole brain region (Schleicher et al., 1975a, b; Zilies and Wingert, 1973a, b; Zilies et al., 1974, 1975a, b), the semi-automatic analysis of the nucleolar diameters in nerve cells (Zilies et al., 1976b) and computer aided compartment analysis with the point- counting method (Zilies et al., in press b). Tupaia belangeri, an interesting animal for neurobiologists, was the experimental animal of choice because it combines the advan- tages of a small brain (conducive to rapid processing) with many characteristics of the of the primate brain.

Spis treści

Material and Methods.- 1. Preparation and Neurohistology.- 2. Measurements.- 2.1. Fresh Volume of the Whole Brain and Shrinkage.- 2.2. Volume of the Whole Brain After Sectioning.- 2.3. Cell Counting.- 2.4. Nucleolar Diameter.- 2.5. Compartment Analysis.- 3. Biomathematical Analysis.- Results.- 1. Qualitative Analysis.- 1.1. Area Striata.- 1.1.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.1.2. Cytoarchitectonic and Cytology.- 1.1.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.1.2.2. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.1.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.1.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.2. Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Nucleus Dorsalis.- 1.2.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.2.2. Cytoarchitectonic and Cytology.- 1.2.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.2.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.2.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.2.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.2.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.2.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.3. Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Nucleus Ventralis.- 1.3.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.3.2. Cytology.- 1.3.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.3.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.3.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.3.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.3.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.3.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.4. Pulvinar.- 1.4.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.4.2. Cytology.- 1.4.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.4.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.4.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.4.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.4.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.4.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.5. Nucleus Posterior Thalami.- 1.5.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.5.2. Cytology.- 1.5.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.5.2.2. Embryonal Stage.- 1.5.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.5.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.5.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.5.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.6. Area Pretectalis.- 1.6.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.6.2. Cytology.- 1.6.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.6.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.6.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.6.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.6.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.6.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.7. Nucleus Tractus Peduncularis Transversi.- 1.7.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.7.2. Cytology.- 1.7.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.7.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.7.2.3. Neonatal Stages.- 1.7.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.7.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.7.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.8. Colliculus Superior.- 1.8.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.8.2. Cytoarchitectonic and Cytology.- 1.8.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.8.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.8.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.8.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.8.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.8.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.9. Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 1.9.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.9.2. Cytology.- 1.9.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.9.2.2. Embryonal Stages.- 1.9.2.3. Neonatal Stage.- 1.9.2.4. Between Neonatal and Adult Stages.- 1.9.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.9.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.10. Nucleus Nervi Trochlearis.- 1.10.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.10.2. Cytology.- 1.10.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.10.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 1.11. Nucleus Nervi Abducentis.- 1.11.1. Delineation During Ontogenesis.- 1.11.2. Cytology.- 1.11.2.1. Adult Stage.- 1.11.2.2. Between 36th Day of Ontogenesis and Adult Stage.- 1.11.3. Myeloarchitectonic.- 1.11.4. Fibrilloarchitectonic.- 2. Quantitative Results.- 2.1. Growth of Fresh Volumes of Visual Brain Regions.- 2.1.1. Area Striata.- 2.1.1.1. The Entire Area Striata.- 2.1.1.2. Individual Laminae of the Left Side of the Area Striata.- 2.1.2. Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Nucleus Dorsalis.- 2.1.3. Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Nucleus Ventralis.- 2.1.4. Pulvinar.- 2.1.5. Nucleus Posterior Thalami.- 2.1.6. Area Pretectalis.- 2.1.7. Nucleus Tractus Peduncularis Transversi.- 2.1.8. Colliculus Superior.- 2.1.9. Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 2.1.10. Nucleus Nervi Trochlearis.- 2.1.11. Nucleus Nervi Abducentis.- 2.2. Growth of the Number of Nerve- and Glial Cells in the Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii and Nucleus Nervi Trochlearis.- 2.2.1. Nerve Cells in the Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 2.2.1.1. Number.- 2.2.1.2. Packing Density.- 2.2.2. Glial Cells in the Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 2.2.2.1. Number.- 2.2.2.2. Packing Density.- 2.2.2.3. Glial Index.- 2.2.3. Nerve- and Glial Cells in the Nucleus Nervi Trochlearis.- 2.3. Growth of Different Compartments in the Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 2.3.1. Residual Compartment.- 2.3.1.1. Relative Volume of Residual Compartment in the Whole Brain Region.- 2.3.1.2. Fresh Volume of Residual Compartment.- 2.3.2. Nerve Cells.- 2.3.2.1. Relative Volume of Cytoplasm of All Perikarya.- 2.3.2.2. Relative Volume of Nerve-Cell Nuclei of All Perikarya.- 2.3.2.3. Relative Volume of All Perikarya.- 2.3.2.4. Fresh Volume of Cytoplasm of All Perikarya.- 2.3.2.5. Fresh Volume of Nerve-Cell Nuclei of All Perikarya..- 2.3.2.6. Fresh Volume of All Perikarya.- 2.3.2.7. Mean Fresh Volume of Cytoplasm of One Perikaryon.- 2.3.2.8. Mean Fresh Volume of the Nerve-Cell Nucleus of One Perikaryon.- 2.3.2.9. Mean Fresh Volume of One Perikaryon.- 2.3.3. Glial Cells.- 2.3.3.1. Relative Volume of All Glial-Cell Nuclei.- 2.3.3.2. Fresh Volume of All Glial-Cell Nuclei.- 2.3.3.3. Mean Fresh Volume of One Glial-Cell Nucleus.- 2.3.4. Endothelial Cells.- Discussion.- 1. Qualitative Results.- 1.1. Visual Brain Regions.- 1.1.1. Area Striata.- 1.1.2. Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Nucleus Dor salis.- 1.1.3. Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Nucleus Ventralis.- 1.1.4. Pulvinar.- 1.1.5. Nucleus Posterior Thalami.- 1.1.6. Area Pretectalis.- 1.1.7. Nucleus Tractus Peduncularis Transversi.- 1.1.8. Colliculus Superior.- 1.1.9. Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 1.1.10. Nucleus Nervi Trochlearis.- 1.1.11. Nucleus Nervi Abducentis.- 1.2. General Points on the Qualitative Results.- 2. Quantitative Results.- 2.1. Growth of Fresh Volumes of Visual Brain Regions.- 2.1.1. Overshooting Growth of Fresh Volumes.- 2.1.2. Monotonically Increasing Growth Curves of Fresh Volumes.- 2.2. Growth in the Number of Nerve- and Glial Cells in the Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii and the Nucleus Nervi Trochlearis.- 2.3. Growth of Individual Compartments in the Nucleus Nervi Oculomotorii.- 2.4. General Points on Histogenetic Nerve-Cell Degeneration.- Summary.- References.

O autorze

Prof. Dr. med. K. Zilles, Direktor des Instituts für Hirnforschung und des Instituts für Neuroanatomie der Universität Düsseldorf; Leiter des Instituts für Medizin im Forschungszentrum Jülich.