Chapter 1: Introduction and Background.- 1.1 Hate speech in the EU and C.O.N.T.A.C.T. Fabienne H. Baider, Stavros Assimakopoulos and Sharon Millar.- 1.2 Regulating hate speech in the EU Natalie Alkiviadou.- 1.3 Hate speech in the online setting César Arroyo López and Roberto Moreno López.- 1.4 The C.O.N.T.A.C.T. research workstream Stavros Assimakopoulos, Fabienne H. Baider, and Sharon Millar.- Chapter 2: The C.O.N.T.A.C.T. Methodological Approach 2.1 Harvesting and analysing online comments to news reports Sharon Millar, Fabienne H. Baider and Stavros Assimakopoulos.- 1.2 Approximating perceptions of hate Sharon Millar, Fabienne H. Baider and Stavros Assimakopoulos.- Chapter 3: Analysis of Online Comments to News Reports 3.1 Categorisation and defence strategies Ernesto Russo and Pablo Bernardino Tempesta .- 3.2 Stereotyping vulnerable groups Uladzislau Ivanou.- 3.3 From ‘patriotism’ to hate: axiological urgency in online comments related to refugees Monika Kopytowska, Julita Woźniak and Łukasz Grabowski.- 3.4 Metaphors related to Othering the non-natives Fabienne H. Baider, Anna Constantinou and Anastasia Petrou.- 3.5 The implicit dimension of discriminatory discourse Rebecca Vella Muskat and Stavros Assimakopoulos.- 3.6 Changing participant roles in the expression of hate speech Sharon Millar, Klaus Geyer, Anna Vibeke Lindø and Rasmus Nielsen.- Chapter 4: Young People’s Perception of Hate Speech 4.1 Youth and hate speech in the (mediatised) public sphere Monika Kopytowska, Julita Woźniak and Łukasz Grabowski.- 4.2 Resistance against hate speech: Generation ‘Snowflake’ or generation ‘Woke’? Georgia Whitaker.- 4.3 Folk characterisations of hate speech Sharon Millar, Rasmus Nielsen, Anna Vibeke Lindø and Klaus Geyer.- 4.4 Thoughts on regulating hate speech Tatsiana Chulitskaya.- 4.5 It all depends on who discrimination targets Stavros Assimakopoulos and Rebecca Vella Muskat.- 4.6 The conceptual contiguity of race and religion Fabienne H. Baider, Anna Constantinou and Anastasia Petrou.- 4.7 Hate speech and the communication medium Ernesto Russo and Valentina Oliviero.- 4.8 Hate speech, cyberbullying and online anonymity César Arroyo López and Roberto Moreno López.- Chapter 5: Concluding Remarks Fabienne H. Baider, Stavros Assimakopoulos and Sharon Millar
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license and reports on research carried out as part of the European Union co-funded C.O.N.T.A.C.T. project which targeted hate speech and hate crime across a number of EU member states. It showcases the bearing that discourse analytic research can have on our understanding of this phenomenon that is a growing global cause for concern.
Although ‘hate speech’ is often incorporated in legal and policy documents, there is no universally accepted definition, which in itself warrants research into how hatred is both expressed and perceived. The research project synthesises discourse analytic and corpus linguistics techniques, and presents its key findings here. The focus is especially on online comments posted in reaction to news items that could trigger discrimination, as well as on the folk perception of online hate speech as revealed through semi-structured interviews with young individuals across the various partner countries.