1. Introduction 2. Mediterranean Sea evolution and present-day physiography 3. Mediterranean climate: Past, present and future 4. The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses 5. Mediterranean Sea Level 6. Waves in the Mediterranean 7. Dense and deep water formation processes and Mediterranean overturning circulation 8. Fronts, eddies, and mesoscale circulation 9. Recent changes in the Mediterranean Sea 10. Mediterranean Observing and Forecasting Systems 11. Mediterranean Sea General Biogeochemistry 12. Active geological processes in the Mediterranean Sea 13. The Mediterranean Sea in the Anthropocene