Oceanography from Space

ISBN-13: 9781461333173 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 978 str.

J. F. Gower

Opis

This volume is based on the proceedings of the COSPAR/SCOR/ IUCRM Symposium "Oceanography From Space" held in May 1980 in Venice, Italy. COSPAR (The Committee for Space Research) suggested holding a joint symposium with SCOR (The Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research) as a major review of space oceanography. Since this meeting fitted well with a series of colloquia organized by the IUCRM (The Inter-Union Commission on Radio Meteorology), these three bodies joined in sponsoring the meeting. The conference was hald 16 years after the first discussions of possible spaceborne observations of the ocean at a meeting organized in 1964 in Woods Hole. Gifford'Ewing was then keen to see oceanography benefit from the new satellite technology being developed, and he begins this volume by noting that most of the suggestions put forward in 1964 have now, at last, been successfully demonstrated in practice. The papers that follow show the variety of measurement techniques available or possible, and many of the types of studies in which they can be used. Papers are arranged in a general section, and in 6 specialized sections each of which starts with a brief introduction summarizing important results.

Spis treści

General Papers on Satellite Oceanography.- Introductory Message.- A Survey of the Goals and Accomplishments of the SEASAT Mission.- NASA’s Oceanic Remote Sensing Plans for the 1980’s.- Oceanography From Space - A European Contribution?.- The Proposed Coastal Monitoring Satellite System of ESA: Mission Objectives and Problems.- Space Oceanography: Hopes and Realities.- Dundee University Meteorological Satellite Ground Receiving and Data Archiving Facility.- What is Operational in Swedish Oceanography From Space?.- Oceanographic Features Revealed by the FGGE Drifting Buoy Array.- Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Measurements.- Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Measurements - An Introduction.- Multiple Atmospheric-Window Techniques for Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures.- Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature in the 3.7 µm CO2 Band.- Corrections for Atmospheric Attenuation and Surface Reflectivity in Satellite-Borne SST Measurements.- Improved Accuracy of the Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature.- Multichannel Sea Surface Temperature Retrievals.- Comparison of Various Sea Surface Temperature Fields.- Interannual Variability of Arabian Sea Surface Temperature.- On the Accuracy of Satellite-Observed Sea Surface Temperatures.- A Comparison Between Infrared Satellite Images and Sea Truth Measurements.- The Winter Surface Temperature Pattern of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Derived from Meteorological Satellite IR Images.- Satellite Monitoring of Ocean Surface Temperature Variability in the Mediterranean Sea.- Infra-Red Remote Sensing in the Gulf of Lions.- Application of Satellites and Remote Sensing to Studies of Surface Circulation off the Nova Scotian Coast.- Satellite Studies of the South Atlantic Upwelling System.- Daily Shortwave Energy Budget over the Ocean from Geostationary Satellite Measurements.- Water Colour Measurements.- Water Colour Measurements - An Introduction.- The Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) Program.- Phytoplankton Pigment Algorithms for the Nimbus-7 CZCS.- The Determination of the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Sea Water using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner.- A Preliminary Assessment of the Nimbus-7 CZCS Atmospheric Correction Algorithm in a Horizontally Inhomogeneous Atmosphere.- Ocean Colour Remote Sensing and Quantitative Retrieval of Surface Chlorophyll in Coastal Waters Using Nimbus CZCS Data.- Ship and Satellite Bio-Optical Research in the California Bight.- Color and Temperature Signatures of Ocean Fronts Observed with the Nimbus-7 CZCS.- Principal Areas of Vertical Mixing in the Waters of the Gulf of Maine, with Reference to the Total Productivity of the Area.- Theoretical Results Concerning the Optics of Phytoplankton, With Special Reference to Remote Sensing Applications.- Use of the InVivo Fluorescence Line at 685 nm for Remote Sensing Surveys of Surface Chlorophyll a.- Factor Analysis in Ocean Colour Interpretation.- Assessment of Some Suggested Algorithms on Sea Colour and Surface Chlorophyll.- Modelling Aspects of Water Quality Estimation by Remote Sensing.- Masking Effect of the Atmosphere on Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll.- The Influence of Wind in the Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll in the Sea.- Ocean Color Calculations.- A South African Ocean Colour Experiment.- Preliminary Results of CZCS Nimbus 7 Experiment for Ocean Colour Remote Sensing: Observation of the Ligurian Sea.- Differential Spectroscopy for the Coastal Water Quality Identification by Remote Sensing.- Large Area Marine Productivity-Pollution Experiments (LAMPEX) - A Series of Studies Being Developed to Hasten the Operational Use of Remote Sensing for Living Marine Resources and Environmental Quality.- Atmospheric and Oceanographic Measurements in 1979 for the North Adriatic Sea for a Multitemporal Sea Colour Study by Means of CZCS Data.- Circulation Modeling in the Northern Adriatic Sea and Its Comparison with Nimbus 7 Remotely Sensed Data.- LANDSAT Imagery of the Venetian Lagoon - A Multitemporal Analysis.- Transport Processes of Suspended Matter, Including Phytoplankton, Studied from LANDSAT Images of the Southwestern Baltic Sea.- IK-20, The First Intercosmos Satellite Experiments for Oceanographic Purposes.- Radar Studies of the Sea Surface.- Radar Studies of the Sea Surface - An Introduction.- Remote Sensing of the Ocean Waveheight Spectrum Using Synthetic-Aperture-Radar Images.- Synthetic Aperture Radar Wave Observations During GOASEX.- SEASAT SAR Ocean Surface Current and Shallow Water Wave Refraction.- Processing Synthetic Aperture Radar Data of Ocean Waves.- SAR Processing of Partially Coherent and Sinusoidally Dynamic Ocean Waves.- The Monitoring of Large Scale Synoptic Features of the Ocean with Spaceborne Synthetic Aperature Radar.- Ocean Surface Current Detection by Synthetic Aperture Radar.- Nonlinear Features of Internal Waves as Derived from the SEASAT Imaging Radar.- Modulation Solitons and Internal Waves.- Studies of the Dependence of L-Band Backscatter on Sea Surface Winds Using the Synthetic Aperture Radar.- Microwave Scatterometer Measurements of Oceanic Wind Vector.- Winds Over the Ocean as Measured by the Scatterometer on SEASAT.- Scatterometer-Derived Winds Over the QE II Storm.- High Resolution Marine Meteorological Analysis Utilizing SEASAT Data.- The Potential Impact of Scatterometry on Oceanography: A Wave Forecasting Case.- Observational Results Pertaining to Scatterometer Interpretation.- Two-Frequency (k) Microwave Scatterometer Measurements of Ocean Wave Spectra from an Aircraft.- Remote Sensing of the Sea using One- and Two- Frequency Microwave Techniques.- Satellite Radar Altimeters - Present and Future Oceanographic Capabilities.- A Comparison of SEASAT-Derived Wave Height with Surface Data.- The Radar Spectrum of Gravity Waves in a Windy Sea.- A Discrepancy Between Ground-Based and Airborne Radar Backscatter Measurements.- Extraction of Two Directional Parameters of Sea Waves Spectrum from HF Doppler Radar Sea-Echo.- Passive Microwave Observations.- Passive Microwave Observations - An Introduction.- Summary of the Status of the Nimbus-7 SMMR.- SEASAT SMMR Observations of Ocean Surface Temperature and Wind Speed in the North Pacific.- Global Maps of Atmospheric Water Vapor, Cloud Water, and Rainfall Derived from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer Data: A Case Study.- Quality of SEASAT SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) Atmospheric Water Determinations.- Inference of Sea Surface Temperature, Near Surface Wind, and Atmospheric Water by Fourier Analysis of Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer Data.- Evaluation of Nimbus 7 SMMR Sensor with Airborne Radiometers and Surface Observations in the Norwegian Sea.- Information Content of the SEASAT SMMR Brightness Temperatures for Sea Surface Temperature Retrieval.- Remote Sensing of the Ocean and Atmosphere with Passive Microwave Measurements.- Dependence of Sea-Surface Microwave Emissivity on Friction Velocity as Derived from SMMR/SASS.- Improved Statement of the Relationship Between Surface Wind Speed and Oceanic Whitecap Coverage as Required for the Interpretation of Satellite Data.- Submarine Fresh Water Outflow Detection with a Dual-Frequency Microwave and an Infrared Radiometer System.- Use of a Satellite Multifrequency Radiometer to Determine Attenuation Suffered by a Satellite Radar.- SEASAT Microwave Radiometer Antenna Temperature Simulation.- Remote Sensing of Ice.- Remote Sensing of Ice - An Introduction.- Global Maps of Sea Ice Concentration, Age and Surface Temperature Derived from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer Data: A Case Study.- Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice.- Microwave Signatures of Sea Ice Based on Airborne Radiometer Measurements.- Classification of Beaufort Sea Ice Using Active and Passive Microwave Sensors.- Derivation of Sea Ice Concentration, Age and Surface Temperature from Multispectral Microwave Radiances Obtained with the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer.- Microwave Radiometric Aircraft Observations of the Fabry-Perot Interference Fringes of an Ice-Water System.- Wintertime Microwave Observations of the North Water Polynya.- Some Results from ONR/Navy Research Efforts on Remote Sensing of Sea Ice with an Overview of Future Research Directions.- Satellite Altimetry.- Satellite Altimetry - An Introduction.- Oceanographic Evaluation of Geoid Surfaces in the Western North Atlantic.- On Estimating the Global Ocean Surface Circulation from Satellite Altimetry.- Regional Surface Ocean Circulation from Satellite Altimetry.- Western Boundary Current Variability Derived from SEASAT Altimetry Data.- On the Precision of Sea Surface Elevations and Slopes from SEASAT Altimetry of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean.- Ocean Tide Determination from Satellite Altimetry.- Application of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data to the Determination of Regional Tidal Constituents and the Mean Sea Surface.- Tides on the Patagonian Shelf from the SEASAT Radar Altimeter.- SEASAT Altimeter Measurements Over the English Channel: An Error Analysis.- Undulations in the Altimeter Derived Geoid: Geophysical Studies.- Venice Symposium: Note of Thanks and Pictures.- List of Participants.- Acronyms and Definitions.