Nonparametric Statistics: A Step-By-Step Approach

ISBN-13: 9781118840313 / Angielski / Twarda / 2014 / 288 str.

Gregory W. Corder; Dale I. Foreman

Opis

-...a very useful resource for courses in nonparametric statistics in which the emphasis is on applications rather than on theory. It also deserves a place in libraries of all institutions where introductory statistics courses are taught.- -CHOICE

This Second Edition presents a practical and understandable approach that enhances and expands the statistical toolset for readers. This book includes:

• New coverage of the sign test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test in an effort to offer a logical and natural progression to statistical power
• SPSS(R) (Version 21) software and updated screen captures to demonstrate how to perform and recognize the steps in the various procedures
• Data sets and odd-numbered solutions provided in an appendix, and tables of critical values
• Supplementary material to aid in reader comprehension, which includes: narrated videos and screen animations with step-by-step instructions on how to follow the tests using SPSS; online decision trees to help users determine the needed type of statistical test; and additional solutions not found within the book.

“…a very useful resource for courses in nonparametric statistics in which the emphasis is on applications rather than on theory.   It also deserves a place in libraries of all institutions where introductory statistics courses are taught.

Spis treści

PREFACE ix

LIST OF VARIABLES xiii

CHAPTER 1 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS: AN INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Objectives 1

1.2 Introduction 1

1.3 The Nonparametric Statistical Procedures Presented in This Book 3

1.3.1 State the Null and Research Hypotheses 4

1.3.2 Set the Level of Risk (or the Level of Signifi cance) Associated with the Null Hypothesis 4

1.3.3 Choose the Appropriate Test Statistic 5

1.3.4 Compute the Test Statistic 5

1.3.5 Determine the Value Needed for Rejection of the Null Hypothesis Using the Appropriate Table of Critical Values for the Particular Statistic 5

1.3.6 Compare the Obtained Value with the Critical Value 6

1.3.7 Interpret the Results 6

1.3.8 Reporting the Results 6

1.4 Ranking Data 6

1.5 Ranking Data with Tied Values 7

1.6 Counts of Observations 8

1.7 Summary 9

1.8 Practice Questions 9

1.9 Solutions to Practice Questions 10

CHAPTER 2 TESTING DATA FOR NORMALITY 13

2.1 Objectives 13

2.2 Introduction 13

2.3 Describing Data and the Normal Distribution 14

2.4 Computing and Testing Kurtosis and Skewness for Sample Normality 17

2.4.1 Sample Problem for Examining Kurtosis 19

2.4.2 Sample Problem for Examining Skewness 22

2.4.3 Examining Skewness and Kurtosis for Normality Using SPSS 24

2.5 Computing the Kolmogorov Smirnov One–Sample Test 27

2.5.1 Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov One–Sample Test 29

2.5.2 Performing the Kolmogorov Smirnov One–Sample Test Using SPSS 34

2.6 Summary 37

2.7 Practice Questions 37

2.8 Solutions to Practice Questions 38

CHAPTER 3 COMPARING TWO RELATED SAMPLES: THE WILCOXON SIGNED RANK AND THE SIGN TEST 39

3.1 Objectives 39

3.2 Introduction 39

3.3 Computing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Statistic 40

3.3.1 Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Small Data Samples) 41

3.3.2 Confi dence Interval for the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 43

3.3.3 Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Large Data Samples) 45

3.4 Computing the Sign Test 49

3.4.1 Sample Sign Test (Small Data Samples) 50

3.4.2 Sample Sign Test (Large Data Samples) 53

3.5 Performing the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and the Sign Test Using SPSS 57

3.5.1 Defi ne Your Variables 57

3.5.2 Type in Your Values 57

3.5.3 Analyze Your Data 58

3.5.4 Interpret the Results from the SPSS Output Window 58

3.6 Statistical Power 60

3.7 Examples from the Literature 61

3.8 Summary 61

3.9 Practice Questions 62

3.10 Solutions to Practice Questions 65

CHAPTER 4 COMPARING TWO UNRELATED SAMPLES: THE MANN WHITNEY U–TEST AND THE KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV TWO–SAMPLE TEST 69

4.1 Objectives 69

4.2 Introduction 69

4.3 Computing the Mann Whitney U–Test Statistic 70

4.3.1 Sample Mann Whitney U–Test (Small Data Samples) 71

4.3.2 Confi dence Interval for the Difference between Two Location Parameters 74

4.3.3 Sample Mann Whitney U–Test (Large Data Samples) 75

4.4 Computing the Kolmogorov Smirnov Two–Sample Test Statistic 80

4.4.1 Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Two–Sample Test 81

4.5 Performing the Mann Whitney U–Test and the Kolmogorov Smirnov Two–Sample Test Using SPSS 84

4.5.1 Defi ne Your Variables 84

4.5.2 Type in Your Values 85

4.5.3 Analyze Your Data 86

4.5.4 Interpret the Results from the SPSS Output Window 86

4.6 Examples from the Literature 88

4.7 Summary 89

4.8 Practice Questions 90

4.9 Solutions to Practice Questions 92

CHAPTER 5 COMPARING MORE THAN TWO RELATED SAMPLES: THE FRIEDMAN TEST 97

5.1 Objectives 97

5.2 Introduction 97

CONTENTS vii

5.3 Computing the Friedman Test Statistic 98

5.3.1 Sample Friedman s Test (Small Data Samples without Ties) 99

5.3.2 Sample Friedman s Test (Small Data Samples with Ties) 101

5.3.3 Performing the Friedman Test Using SPSS 105

5.3.4 Sample Friedman s Test (Large Data Samples without Ties) 108

5.4 Examples from the Literature 111

5.5 Summary 112

5.6 Practice Questions 113

5.7 Solutions to Practice Questions 114

CHAPTER 6 COMPARING MORE THAN TWO UNRELATED SAMPLES: THE KRUSKAL WALLIS H–TEST 117

6.1 Objectives 117

6.2 Introduction 117

6.3 Computing the Kruskal Wallis H–Test Statistic 118

6.3.1 Sample Kruskal Wallis H–Test (Small Data Samples) 119

6.3.2 Performing the Kruskal Wallis H–Test Using SPSS 124

6.3.3 Sample Kruskal Wallis H–Test (Large Data Samples) 128

6.4 Examples from the Literature 134

6.5 Summary 134

6.6 Practice Questions 135

6.7 Solutions to Practice Questions 136

CHAPTER 7 COMPARING VARIABLES OF ORDINAL OR DICHOTOMOUS SCALES: SPEARMAN RANK–ORDER, POINT–BISERIAL, AND BISERIAL CORRELATIONS 139

7.1 Objectives 139

7.2 Introduction 139

7.3 The Correlation Coeffi cient 140

7.4 Computing the Spearman Rank–Order Correlation Coeffi cient 140

7.4.1 Sample Spearman Rank–Order Correlation (Small Data Samples without Ties) 142

7.4.2 Sample Spearman Rank–Order Correlation (Small Data Samples with Ties) 145

7.4.3 Performing the Spearman Rank–Order Correlation Using SPSS 148

7.5 Computing the Point–Biserial and Biserial Correlation Coeffi cients 150

7.5.1 Correlation of a Dichotomous Variable and an Interval Scale Variable 150

7.5.2 Correlation of a Dichotomous Variable and a Rank–Order Variable 152

7.5.3 Sample Point–Biserial Correlation (Small Data Samples) 152

7.5.4 Performing the Point–Biserial Correlation Using SPSS 156

7.5.5 Sample Point–Biserial Correlation (Large Data Samples) 159

7.5.6 Sample Biserial Correlation (Small Data Samples) 163

7.5.7 Performing the Biserial Correlation Using SPSS 167

7.6 Examples from the Literature 167

7.7 Summary 167

7.8 Practice Questions 168

7.9 Solutions to Practice Questions 170

CHAPTER 8 TESTS FOR NOMINAL SCALE DATA: CHI–SQUARE AND FISHER EXACT TESTS 172

8.1 Objectives 172

8.2 Introduction 172

8.3 The 2 Goodness–of–Fit Test 172

8.3.1 Computing the 2 Goodness–of–Fit Test Statistic 173

8.3.2 Sample 2 Goodness–of–Fit Test (Category Frequencies Equal) 173

8.3.3 Sample 2 Goodness–of–Fit Test (Category Frequencies Not Equal) 176

8.3.4 Performing the 2 Goodness–of–Fit Test Using SPSS 180

8.4 The 2 Test for Independence 184

8.4.1 Computing the 2 Test for Independence 185

8.4.2 Sample 2 Test for Independence 186

8.4.3 Performing the 2 Test for Independence Using SPSS 190

8.5 The Fisher Exact Test 196

8.5.1 Computing the Fisher Exact Test for 2 x 2 Tables 197

8.5.2 Sample Fisher Exact Test 197

8.5.3 Performing the Fisher Exact Test Using SPSS 201

8.6 Examples from the Literature 202

8.7 Summary 203

8.8 Practice Questions 204

8.9 Solutions to Practice Questions 206

CHAPTER 9 TEST FOR RANDOMNESS: THE RUNS TEST 210

9.1 Objectives 210

9.2 Introduction 210

9.3 The Runs Test for Randomness 210

9.3.1 Sample Runs Test (Small Data Samples) 212

9.3.2 Performing the Runs Test Using SPSS 213

9.3.3 Sample Runs Test (Large Data Samples) 217

9.3.4 Sample Runs Test Referencing a Custom Value 219

9.3.5 Performing the Runs Test for a Custom Value Using SPSS 221

9.4 Examples from the Literature 225

9.5 Summary 225

9.6 Practice Questions 225

9.7 Solutions to Practice Questions 227

APPENDIX A SPSS AT A GLANCE 229

APPENDIX B CRITICAL VALUE TABLES 235

REFERENCES 261

INDEX 265

O autorze

Greg W. Corder is Adjunct Instructor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at James Madison University.  He is also Adjunct Instructor of graduate education at Mary Baldwin College. 

Dale I. Foreman is Professor Emeritus in the School of Education and Human Development at Shenandoah University.

Blurb

Praise for the First Edition

... a very useful resource for courses in nonparametric statistics in which the emphasis is on applications rather than on theory.

– CHOICE

The Second Edition of Nonparametric Statistics: A Step–by–Step Approach continues to present nonparametric statistical procedures in an accessible manner for readers with backgrounds in the social, behavioral, biological, and physical sciences. Each chapter presents several nonparametric procedures and context–based examples in a step–by–step fashion. Additionally, SPSS® screen captures are used to demonstrate how to perform and interpret the results from the respective procedures. Finally, the authors cite and briefly describe examples of each nonparametric test from diverse fields. In addition,

Nonparametric Statistics: A Step–by–Step Approach, Second Edition features:

New coverage of the sign test and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov two–sample test, both of which provide a logical and natural progression to statistical power

Expanded treatment of basic topics, such as parameters and empirical distribution frequency

A multitude of practical examples that enhance and expand the statistical toolset for readers

Tables of critical values and solutions to select problems to aid in reader comprehension

Supplemental material including online decision trees to better determine the type of statistical test needed as well as narrated videos and screen animations with step–by–step instructions on how to perform the tests using SPSS

Nonparametric Statistics: A Step–by–Step Approach, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for upper–undergraduate and beginning graduate students majoring in the physical, social, behavioral, and health sciences as well as education. The book also serves as a valuable reference for applied statisticians and practitioners working in industry and professionals and researchers in the social, behavioral, and health sciences who seek a review of nonparametric methods and their relevant applications.