Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment

ISBN-13: 9781402035425 / Angielski / Twarda / 2005 / 350 str.

William E. Newton; Dietrich Werner

Opis

This book is the self-contained fourth volume of a seven-volume comprehensive series on nitrogen fixation. The outstanding aspect of this book is the integration of basic and applied work on biological nitrogen fixation in the fields of agriculture, forestry, and ecology in general. Nowadays, the concept of sustainability, which originated in agriculture and land use, is reaching many other areas of society and industry. Sustainability has a major part to play in the global challenge of continued development of regions, countries, and continents all around the World and biological nitrogen fixation has a key role in this process. This volume begins with chapters specifically addressing crops of major global importance, such as soybeans, rice, and sugar cane. It continues with a second important focus, agroforestry, and describes the use and promise of both legume trees with their rhizobial symbionts and other nitrogen-fixing trees with their actinorhizal colonization. An over-arching theme of all chapters is the interaction of the plants and trees with microbes and this theme allows other aspects of soil microbiology, such as interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the impact of soil-stress factors on biological nitrogen fixation, to be addressed. Furthermore, a link to basic science occurs through the inclusion of chapters describing the biogeochemically important nitrogen cycle and its key relationships among nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. The volume then provides an up-to-date view of the production of microbial inocula, especially those for legume crops. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume, which is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for academic, government, and industrial scientists working in the applied areas of agronomy, plant breeding, plant nutrition, ecology, and forestry as well as those in the basic science areas of plant physiology, soil microbiology, and related environmental disciplines. This volume will be an invaluable tool for students entering this challenging area of research and will provide science administrators with ready access to vital relevant information.

Spis treści

Preface to the Series. Preface. List of Contributors. 1: Production and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Tropical Legumes; D. Werner 1. Introduction 2. Phaseolus sp. and Vigna sp. (Beans) 3. Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut, Peanut) 4. Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) 5. Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea) 6. Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) and Other Legumes Acknowledgements References 2: Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean in North America; S. G. Pueppke 1. Soybean: Pathways to North America and Establishment as a Crop 2. Soybean Production in North America 3. Major Soybean Cropping Systems 4. Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Soybean in North America 5. Perspectives Acknowledgements References 3: The Importance of Nitrogen Fixation to Soybean Cropping in South America; M. Hungria, J. C. Franchini, R. J. Campo and P. H. Graham 1. Introduction 2. Taxonomy, Origins, and Importance of Soybean 3. Biological Nitrogen Fixation 4. Economic Importance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in South America 5. Crop Management in South America 6. Final Considerations Acknowledgement References 4: Production, Regional Distribution of Cultivars, and Agricultural Aspects of Soybean in India; S. K. Mahna 1. Introduction and Historical Background 2. All-India Area Coverage, Productivity, and Production of Soybean between 1970- 2003 3. All-India State-wise Area Coverage, Productivity, and Production of Soybean 4. Regional Distribution of Soybean Cultivars 5. Regional Agricultural Aspects of Soybean Cultivation Acknowledgements References 5: Soybean Cultivation and BNF in China; J. E. Ruiz Sainz, J. C. Zhou, D.-N. Rodriguez-Navarro, J. M. Vinardell and J. E. Thomas-Oates 1. Summary 2. Soybean Cultivation in China: Historical Aspects and Current Situation 3. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria that Nodulate Soybean 4. The Soybean Germplasm Collection in China 5. Soybean in Crop Rotation and in Continuous Culture 6. Conclusions Acknowledgement References 6: Soil Stress Factors Influencing Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation; M. J. Sadowsky 1. Introduction 2. Importance of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 3. Symbiotic Interaction of Legumes with Rhizobia 4. Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixation Genetics in the Rhizobia and Bradyrhizobia 5. Rhizobia in the Soil Environment 6. Stress Factors in the Soil Environment that Influence N2 Fixation 7. Concluding Remarks References 7: Nodulated Legume Trees; J. I. Sprent 1. Introduction 2. Leguminosae 3. Rhizobia that Nodulate Legume Trees 4. Types of Nodules formed on Trees 5. Mycorrhizas and Other Nutrient-Acquisition Systems 6. Measurement of Nitrogen Fixation by Trees 7. Role of Legume Trees in Natural and Managed Systems References 8. Nitrogen Fixing Trees with Actinorhiza in Forestry and Agroforestry; R. O. Russo 1. Introduction 2. General Characteristics of the Actinorhizal Symbiosis 3. Host Botanical Families 4. Nitrogen Fixation in Actinorhizal Trees 5. Mycorrhizal Associations with Actinorhizal Trees 6. Actinorhizal Trees in Agroforestry 7. The Genus Casaurina 8. The Experience of the Central America Fuelwood Project 9. The Case of Alnus acuminata in Tropical Highlands 10. Other Uses of Actinorhizal Trees 11. Concluding Considerations References 9: Molecular Ecology of N2-fixing Microbes Associated with Gramineous Plants: Hidden Activities of Unknown Bacteria; T. Hurek and B. Reinhold-Hurek