New Trends in Green Chemistry

ISBN-13: 9789401571029 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 263 str.

V. K. Ahluwalia; M. Kidwai

Opis

The synthesis of molecules having diverse uses in medicines, agrochemicals and biomolecules are dealt with in organic chemistry. The basic concern of the industries producing such chemicals is the type of reaction involved and the percentage of yield etc. so that synthesis becomes cost effective giving special attention to ensure that there is no environmental pollution. All these considerations form the basis of green chemistry - the pressing need of the world.
This book describes the methodologies/technologies to carry out green synthesis, which is extremely important for industries and also for chemical laboratories. The main features discussed are:

-Designing a green synthesis;
-Basic principles of green chemistry;
-Prevention of environmental pollution;
-Microwave induced and ultrasound assisted green synthesis;
-Organic synthesis in aqueous phase and solid phase;
-Use of green reagents, green catalysts and green solvents.

Spis treści

Foreword Preface 1. Introduction 2. Designing a Green Synthesis 2.1 Choice of Starting Materials 2.2 Choice of Reagents 2.3 Choice of Catalysts 2.4 Choice of Solvents 3. Basic Principles of Green Chemistry 3.1 Prevention of Waste/By-Products 3.2 Maximum Incorporation of the Reactants (Starting Materials and Reagents) into the Final Product 3.3 Prevention or Minimization of Hazardous Products 3.4 Designing Safer Chemicals 3.5 Energy Requirements for Synthesis 3.6 Selection of Appropriate Solvent 3 .7 Selection of Starting Materials 3.8 Use of Protecting Groups 3.9 Use of Catalyst 3.10 Products Designed Should be Biodegradable 3.11 Designing of Manufacturing Plants 3.12 Strengthening of Analytical Techniques 4. Green Chemistry in Day-to-Day Life 4.1 Dry Cleaning of Clothes 4.2 Versatile Bleaching Agent 5. Environmental Pollution 6. Green Reagent 6.1 Dimethylcarbonate 6.2 Polymer Supported Reagents 7. Green Catalysts 7.1 Acid Catalysts 7.2 Oxidation Catalysts 7.3 Basic Catalysts 7.4 Polymer Supported Catalysts 8. Phase Transfer Catalysis in Green Synthesis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Applications of PTC in Organic Synthesis 8.3 Oxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide Under PTC Condition 8.4 Crown Ethers 9. Microwave Induced Green Synthesis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Applications 9.3 Conclusion 10. Ultrasound Assisted Green Synthesis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Applications of Ultrasound 10.3 Conclusion 11. Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biochemical (Microbial) Oxidations 11.3 Biochemical (Microbial) Reductions 11.4 Enzymes Catalysed Hydrolytic Processes 12. Aqueous Phase Reactions 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Diels-Alder Reaction 12.3 Claisen Rearrangement 12.4 Wittig-Homer Reaction 12.5 Michael Reaction 12.6 Aldol Condensation 12.7 Knoevenagel Reaction 12.8 Pinacol Coupling 12.9 Benzoin Condensation 12.10 Claisen-Schmidt Condensation 12.11 Heck Reaction 12.12 Strecker Synthesis 12.13 Wurtz Reaction 12.14 Oxidations 12.15 Reductions 12.16 Polymerisation Reactions 12.17 Photochemical Reactions 12.18 Electrochemical Synthesis 12.19 Miscellaneous Reactions in Aqueous Phase 13. Organic Synthesis in Solid State 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Solid Phase Organic Synthesis Without Using Any Solvent 13.3 Solid Supported Organic Synthesis 14. Versatile Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents 14.1 Green Solvents 14.2 Reactions in Acidic Ionic Liquids 14.3 Reactions in Neutral Ionic Liquids 15. Synthesis Involving Basic Principles of Green Chemistry: Some Examples 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Synthesis of Styrene 15.3 Synthesis of Adipic Acid, Catechol and 3-dehydroshikimic Acid (a potential replacement for BHT) 15.4 Synthesis of Methyl Methacrylate 15.5 Synthesis of Urethane 15.6 An Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Aromatic Amines 15.7 Selective Alkylation of Active Methylene Group 15.8 Free Radical Bromination 15.9 Acetaldehyde 15.10 Furfural from Biomass 15.11 Synthesis of (S)-metolachlor, an Optically Active Herbicide 15.12 Synthesis of Ibuprofen 15.13 Synthesis of Paracetamol 15.14 Green Synthesis of 3-phenyl Catechol 15.15 Synthesis of Epoxystyrene 15.16 Synthesis of Citral 15.17 Synthesis of Nicotinic Acid 15.18 Use of Molting Accelerators to Replace More Toxic and Harmful Insecticides 15.19 An Environmentally Safe Marine Antifoulant Suggested Readings Index