New Concepts in Echocardiography

ISBN-13: 9789020703467 / Angielski / Miękka / 1972 / 100 str.

N. Bom

Opis

Present day cardiology is in great need of non invasive, non toxic, and inexpensive devices which permit the delineation and visualization of normal and abnormal intracardiac structures, the calculation of intra- cardiac volumes and study of contractility of the cardiac muscle. All of these may become within our reach if the principles outlined in this book and the preliminary clinical experience can be validated in general cardiac practise. The gist of one of the devices (visualization of the in vivo moving heart recorded on a short motion picture) is available to the interested reader on a 16 mm filmstrip. Rotterdam, June 1972 P. G. Hugenholtz Professor of Cardiology CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 9 1. General remarks 9 2. Purpose of this study 10 CHAPTER II PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND 12 The piezo-electric effect 1- 12 2. Some physical properties of ultrasound 13 a. Attenuation 13 b. Reflection of sound 13 c. Near and far field 13 3. Scanning and recording techniques 15 a. Example of depth sonar 15 b. A-scan and Time-Motion recording 17 c. Single element 8-scan techniques 17 4. The Doppler effect 17 CHAPTER III PRESENT APPLICATIONS IN CARDIOLOGY 19 1. General remarks 19 2. Mitral stenosis 20 3. Pericardial effusion 23 4. Other applications 26 a. Mitral insufficiency 26 b. Tricuspid stenosis 26 c. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis 26 d. Aortic valve study 26 e. Internal dimensions 27 5. On the use of Doppler 28 6.

Spis treści

I Introduction to Echocardiography.- 1. General remarks.- 2. Purpose of this study.- II Principles of Ultrasound.- 1. The piëzo-electric effect.- 2. Some physical properties of ultrasound.- a. Attenuation.- b. Reflection of sound.- c. Near and far field.- 3. Scanning and recording techniques.- a. Example of depth sonar.- b. A-scan and Time-Motion recording.- c. Single element B-scan techniques.- 4. The Doppler effect.- III Present Applications in Cardiology.- 1. General remarks.- 2. Mitral stenosis.- 3. Pericardial effusion.- 4. Other applications.- a. Mitral insufficiency.- b. Tricuspid stenosis.- c. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.- d. Aortic valve study.- e. Internal dimensions.- 5. On the use of Doppler.- 6. Concluding remarks.- IV A Non-Invasive Method for Two Dimensional Instantaneous Observation of Moving Cardiac Structures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The system.- 3. Preliminary results.- a. Radiated intensities.- b. In vitro and in vivo measurements.- V A Catheter Tip Intracardiac Scanner.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The principle.- 3. On the selection of parameters.- a. Limits due to medical considerations.- b. Limits due to production problems.- c. Acoustic and electronic limitations.- 4. The directivity pattern.- 5. Preliminary results.- 6. Concluding remarks.- VI On The Limitations of Ultrasound.- 1. Specular reflections.- 2. Range precision and axial resolution.- a. Range precision.- b. Axial resolution.- 3. Lateral resolution and effects caused by side lobes.- a. Lateral resolution.- b. Side lobe effect in the non-invasive system.- c. Side lobe effect in the intracardiac scanner system.- 4. Limitations of continuous wave Doppler systems.- Appendix A The Measurement of Acoustic Radiation (The calibration of a sensor).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method of calibration.- 3. The sensor.- 4. Measurement of total output power.- 5. Calculation of Intensity in a single position.- 6. Discussion of results.- Appendix B The Measurement of Acoustic Radiation (The calculation of radiated power).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calculation of radiated power.- 3. The approximation.- Appendix C Pericardial Effusion. Case Report.- Appendix D Mitral Stenosis. Case Report.- Appendix E Side Lobe Effects of a Line Transducer on a Circular Reflector Echogram.- Appendix F Optimum Beam Forming for Intracardiac Scanner.- Appendix G Possible Method for Doppler Monitoring.- References.- Acknowledgements.- Summary.