Chapter I Introduction: Six Variations on a Theme, Edward Ingram; Chapter II Islam and the West, Bernard Lewis; Chapter III How and How Not to Negotiate With Iran: Postures of Power in 1802, Edward Ingram; Chapter IV The Westernization of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Nineteenth Century, Roderic H. Davison; Chapter V The Origins of the Chatham House Version, Gordon Martel; Chapter VI The Role of Islam as Political Ideology in the First World War, William L. Cleveland; Chapter VII Bureaucracies at War: The British in the Middle East in the First World War, John S. Galbraith, Robert A. Huttenback; Chapter VIII The Hashemite ‘Tribal Confederacy’ of the Arab Revolt, 1916–1917, Joseph Kostiner; Chapter IX Guarding the Bandwagon: Great Britain, Italy, and Middle Eastern Oil, 1920–1923, Marian Kent; Chapter X The Egyptian Wafd and Arab Nationalism, 1918–1944, James Jankowski; Chapter XI A Passage to Independence: King Abdullah and Transjordan, 1920–1951, Mary C. Wilson; Chapter XII Fritz Grobba and the Middle East Policy of the Third Reich, Francis R. Nicosia; Chapter XIII Modern Education and the Evolution of Saudi Arabia, Mordechai Abir; Chapter XIV The Political Relevance of the Doctrine of Jihad in Sadat’s Egypt, Rudolph Peters;