ISBN-13: 9781119564980 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 480 str.
ISBN-13: 9781119564980 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 480 str.
Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiList of Contributors xixNotation xxi1 Introduction 1Trevor S. Bird1.1 Aims and Scope 11.2 Historical Perspective 31.3 Overview of Text 4References 72 Basics of Antenna Mutual Coupling 9Trevor S. Bird2.1 Introduction 92.2 Electromagnetic Field Quantities 92.2.1 Definitions 92.2.2 Field Representations in Source-Free Regions 112.3 Mutual Coupling Between Elementary Sources 122.3.1 Radiation 122.3.2 Generalized Infinitesimal Current Elements 142.3.3 Mutual Coupling Between Infinitesimal Current Elements 152.4 Network Representation of Mutual Coupling 182.4.1 Extension to Combination of Elements 182.4.2 Mutual Impedance and Admittance Matrix Formulation 192.4.3 Scattering Matrix Representation 202.5 Radiation from Antennas in the Presence of Mutual Coupling 232.5.1 Far-Field Radiation 232.5.2 Magnetic Current Only 252.5.3 Electric Current Only 252.6 Conclusion 26References 263 Methods in the Analysis of Mutual Coupling in Antennas 27Trevor S. Bird3.1 Introduction 273.2 Mutual Coupling in Antennas with Continuous Sources 303.2.1 Impedance and Admittance with Continuous Sources 303.2.2 Reaction 313.2.3 Definition of Circuit Quantities 323.3 On Finite and Infinite Arrays 343.3.1 Finite Array Analysis by Element-by-Element Method 353.3.2 Infinite Periodic Array Analysis 363.4 Integral Equation Methods Used in Coupling Analysis 363.4.1 Introduction 363.4.2 Green's Function Methods 373.4.2.1 Free-Space Green's Function for Harmonic Sources 383.4.2.2 Free-Space Green's Function for Transient Sources 403.4.2.3 Fields with Sources 403.4.3 Solution by Weighted Residuals 433.5 Some Other Methods Used in Coupling Analysis 463.5.1 Unit Cell Analysis in Periodic Structure Method 463.5.2 Mode Matching Methods 513.5.3 Moment Methods 523.5.4 Method of Characteristic Modes 523.5.5 Minimum Scattering Element Method 533.6 Practical Aspects of Numerical Methods in Mutual Coupling Analysis 543.6.1 Introduction 543.6.2 Numerical Quadrature 553.6.3 Matrix Inversion 563.7 Conclusion 58References 594 Mutual Coupling in Arrays of Wire Antennas 63Trevor S. Bird4.1 Introduction 634.2 Formulation of the Problem 634.2.1 Moment Method 664.2.2 Moment Method Solution for the Dipole 674.3 Mutual Impedance 684.3.1 Closed Form Expressions for Mutual Impedance 704.3.2 Asymptotic Approximations to Mutual Impedance 734.4 Arrays of Wire Antennas 764.4.1 Full-Wave Dipole Above a Perfect Ground 774.4.2 The Yagi-Uda Array 804.4.3 7 x 7 array of closely packed elements 834.5 Concluding Remarks 84References 845 Arrays of Planar Aperture Antennas 87Trevor S. Bird5.1 Introduction 875.2 Mutual Coupling in Waveguide and Horn Arrays 885.2.1 Integral Equation Formulation 885.2.2 Modal Representation 915.2.3 Modeling of Profiled Horns and Mode Matching 945.2.4 Asymptotic Approximation of Mutual Admittance 975.3 Coupling in Rectangular Waveguides and Horns 995.3.1 Self-Admittance of TE10 Mode 1025.3.2 Example of Mutual Coupling Between Different-Sized Waveguides 1045.3.3 Application to Horns 1065.3.4 Waveguide-Fed Slot Arrays 1115.3.5 Asymptotic Approximation of Coupling in Rectangular Apertures 1125.3.6 Coupling in Horns Approximated with Quadratic Phase 1145.4 Coupling in Arrays of Coaxial Waveguides and Horns 1145.4.1 Self-Admittance of TE11 Mode in Coaxial Waveguide 1185.4.2 TEM Mode Coupling in Coaxial Waveguide 1205.4.3 Asymptotic Approximation of Coupling in Coaxial Waveguide Apertures 1235.4.4 Coaxial and Circular Aperture Array Examples 1275.5 Mutual Coupling Between Apertures of General Cross-Section 1295.5.1 Elliptical Apertures 1295.5.2 General Apertures 1345.6 Coupling in Apertures Loaded with Dielectrics and Metamaterials 1355.6.1 Dielectric-Loaded Apertures 1365.6.2 Metamaterial-Loaded Apertures 1425.7 Concluding Remarks 148References 1486 Arrays of Microstrip Patch Antennas 153Trevor S. Bird6.1 Introduction 1536.2 Representation of Mutual Coupling Between Patch Antennas 1556.2.1 E-Current Model of Coupling 1596.2.2 Cavity Model (H-Model) of Coupling 1626.2.3 Full-Wave Solution 1656.3 Applications of Microstrip Arrays 1676.3.1 Mutual Coupling Between Microstrip Patches 1676.3.2 Steering by Switching Parasitic Elements 1676.3.3 A Metasurface from Microstrip Patches 1706.4 Concluding Remarks 174References 1747 Mutual Coupling Between Antennas on Conformal Surfaces 177Trevor S. Bird7.1 Introduction 1777.2 Mutual Admittance of Apertures on Slowly Curving Surfaces 1787.2.1 Green's Function Formulation for Curved Surfaces 1787.2.2 The Cylinder 1797.2.3 The Sphere 1827.3 Asymptotic Solution for Fields Near Convex Surfaces 1847.3.1 Review of Literature for Convex Surfaces 1847.3.2 Asymptotic Solution for the Surface Fields 1867.4 Mutual Coupling of Apertures in Quadric Surfaces 1877.4.1 Closed-Form Expressions for Mutual Coupling Between Rectangular Waveguides in a Cylinder 1887.4.2 Expressions for Mutual Coupling Between Circular Waveguides in a Sphere 1947.4.3 Mutual Coupling Between Microstrip Patches on a Cylinder 1977.5 Extension of Canonical Solution to Large Convex Surfaces with Slowly Varying Curvature 2017.6 Applications of Coupling on Curved Surfaces 2107.6.1 Mutual Coupling in a Waveguide Array on a Cylinder 2107.6.2 Mutual Coupling Between Monopoles on a Cylinder 2117.6.3 Mutual Coupling Between Waveguides on an Ellipsoid 2157.7 Conclusion 216References 2178 Mutual Coupling Between Co-Sited Antennas and Antennas on Large Structures 221Derek McNamara and Eqab Almajali8.1 Preliminaries and Assumptions 2218.1.1 The Problem at Hand 2218.1.2 Course Adopted 2238.2 Full-Wave CEM Modeling View of a Single Antenna 2238.3 Full-Wave CEM Modeling View of Coupled Antennas in the Presence of a Host Platform 2258.3.1 Field Point of View 2258.3.2 Two-Port Network Parameter Point of View 2278.4 Useful Expressions for Coupling in the Presence of a Host Platform 2308.4.1 Motivation 2308.4.2 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems Revisited 2308.4.3 Generalized Reaction Theorem 2338.4.4 Expressions for Mutual Impedance and Open Circuit Voltage 2348.4.5 Power Coupling 2358.5 Supplementary Comments on CEM Modeling Methods 2368.6 Full-Wave CEM Modeling of Coupled Antennas on a Platform - The Ideal 2438.7 Reduced Complexity Antenna Electromagnetic Models 2448.7.1 Necessity for Simplified Antenna Models 2448.7.2 Huygens' Box Model 2448.7.3 Spherical Wave Expansion Models 2468.7.4 Infinitesimal Dipole Models 2468.7.5 Planar Aperture Models 2478.7.6 Point Source Models 2478.8 CEM Modeling of Coupled Antennas on a Platform - Pragmatic Approaches 2478.9 Co-Sited Antenna Coupling Computation Examples 2498.10 Concluding Remarks 251References 2519 Mutual Coupling and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Communications 257Karl F. Warnick9.1 Introduction 2579.2 Previous Work on Mutual Coupling and MIMO 2589.3 Basics of MIMO Communications 2609.3.1 MIMO Channel Capacity 2619.3.2 Eigenchannels and the Water-Filling Solution 2619.3.3 Eigenchannels in MIMO Systems and Beamforming Arrays 2629.3.4 Reference Planes and the Intrinsic Channel Matrix 2639.4 Mutual Coupling and MIMO Transmitting Arrays 2649.4.1 Radiated Electric Field and Embedded Element Patterns 2659.4.2 Pattern Overlap Matrix, Conservation of Energy, and Mutual Coupling 2669.4.3 Gain and Directivity in the Overlap Matrix Formulation 2679.4.4 Overlap Matrix for Isotropic Radiators 2689.4.5 Mutual Coupling for Closely Spaced Elements, Superdirectivity, and Q-Factor Bounds 2689.4.6 EEPs, Mutual Coupling, and Minimum Scattering Antennas 2699.4.7 Mutual Coupling and Interactions Between Elements 2699.4.8 Transmitter Power Constraint 2719.4.9 Impedance Matching at the Transmitter 2719.5 Mutual Coupling and MIMO Receiving Arrays 2739.5.1 Receive Array Signal and Noise Model 2739.5.2 Receive Array Thévenin Equivalent Network 2749.5.3 Loaded Receive Array Output Voltages 2759.5.4 External Noise and Loss Noise 2769.5.5 Signal Correlation Matrix 2779.5.6 Signal Correlation in a Rich Multipath Environment 2779.5.7 Mutual Coupling, Noise Matching, and Equivalent Receiver Noise 2789.5.7.1 Active Impedances for Receiving Arrays 2799.5.7.2 Equivalent Receiver Noise Temperature and Active Impedance Matching 2809.5.7.3 Noise Matching Efficiency 2819.6 Conclusion 282References 28310 Mutual Coupling in Beamforming and Interferometric Antennas 287Hoi Shun Antony Lui and Trevor S. Bird10.1 Introduction 28710.2 The Array Manifold 28810.3 Direction-of-Arrival Algorithms 28810.3.1 Matrix Pencil Method for Direction of Arrival Estimation 29010.4 Maximum Gain Design for Single and Multiple Beams 29210.4.1 Penalty Function Optimization of Array Parameters 29610.4.2 Method of Successive Projections 29810.4.3 Comparison of Penalty Functions and Successive Projections 29910.5 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation 30210.5.1 No Coupling Situation 30310.5.1.1 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound 30310.5.1.2 Four-Element Linear Arrays with Different Apertures (Two Incoming Signals) 30410.5.1.3 Fixed Aperture Uniform Linear Arrays with Different Numbers of Elements (Two Incoming Signals) 30610.5.1.4 Fixed Aperture Uniform Linear Arrays with Different Number of Elements (Three Incoming Signals) 30810.5.2 Perturbation Due to Mutual Coupling 30810.5.2.1 Eight-Element Linear Arrays with Different Apertures (Three Incoming Signals) 31010.5.2.2 Fixed Array Aperture with Different Numbers of Elements (Two Incoming Signals) 31610.6 Conclusion 319References 32011 Techniques for Minimizing Mutual Coupling Effects in Arrays 325Hoi Shun Antony Lui and Trevor S. Bird11.1 Introduction 32511.2 Mutual Coupling in Transmitting and Receiving Arrays 32611.2.1 The Mutual Coupling Path 32611.2.2 Moment Method Analysis 32711.3 Typical Methods for Minimizing Mutual Coupling 33011.3.1 Aperture Field Taper 33111.3.2 Electromagnetic Fences 33111.3.3 Other Approaches to Compensation 33111.4 Techniques for Practical Mutual Coupling Compensation 33211.4.1 Conventional Mutual Impedance Method 33211.4.2 Full-Wave Method 33511.4.3 Receiving-Mutual-Impedance Method 33711.4.3.1 Determination of the Receiving Mutual Impedance 34011.4.3.2 Comparison Between Different Mutual Impedances and Direction-Finding Applications 34311.4.4 Calibration Method 34711.4.5 Compensation Through Beamforming Network 34811.4.6 Compensation in the Aperture 34911.5 Concluding Remarks 354References 35512 Noise Performance in the Presence of Mutual Coupling 357Christophe Craeye, Jean Cavillot and Eloy de Lera Acedo12.1 Generalities About Noise in Receiving Arrays 35712.2 Coupling of Noise Originating from LNAs 35912.3 Coupling of Noise Originating from Lossy Antenna Arrays 36212.4 Coupling of Noise Originating from the Far-Field Environment 36312.5 Conclusion 366References 36713 Methods for Analyzing Mutual Coupling in Large Arrays 369Christophe Craeye and Ha Bui Van13.1 Goals of Numerical Mutual Coupling Analysis 36913.2 Periodic Method of Moments 37213.3 Iterative Solution Techniques 37413.4 Macro Basis Functions 37613.5 Pattern Transformations 38013.6 Optimization 38213.7 Conclusion 383References 38414 Measurement of Mutual Coupling Effects 389Alpha O. Bah and Trevor S. Bird14.1 Introduction 38914.2 Instrumentation 38914.3 Basic Measurement of Static Element Coupling and Radiation 39114.3.1 Measurement of Coupling Coefficients 39114.3.1.1 Input Reflection Coefficient and Insertion Loss 39214.3.1.2 Mutual Coupling Coefficients 39314.3.2 Measurement of Element Radiation 39314.4 Measurement of Active Element Coupling and Array Radiation 39814.4.1 Measurement of Active Element Patterns 39814.4.2 Measurement of Array Radiation Patterns 39914.4.2.1 Pattern Multiplication Method 40014.4.2.2 The Unit Excitation Active Element Pattern Method 40214.4.2.3 The Average Active Element Pattern Method 40214.4.2.4 The Hybrid Active Element Pattern Method 40314.4.3 Measurement of Input Mismatch and Coupling 40314.4.3.1 Mutual Coupling Coefficient Method 40414.4.3.2 Directional Coupler Method 40514.4.3.3 Power Divider Method 40614.4.4 Measurement of Gain 40714.5 Conclusion 409References 410Appendix A Useful Identities 413Trevor S. BirdA.1 Vector Identities 413A.2 Geometric Identities 414A.3 Transverse Representation of the Electromagnetic Field 415A.4 Useful Functions 415A.5 Complex Fresnel Integrals 416A.6 Hypergeometric Function 417References 417Appendix B Bessel and Hankel Functions 419Trevor S. BirdB.1 Properties 419B.2 Series Involving Bessel Functions 422B.3 Integrals of Bessel Functions 422B.4 Lommel-Type Integrals 424References 424Appendix C Properties of Hankel Transform Functions 425Trevor S. BirdReferences 426Appendix D Properties of Surface Fock Functions 429Trevor S. BirdD.1 Definitions 429D.2 Soft Surface Functions (m>0) 429D.3 Hard Surface Fock Functions (m0) 431D.4 Hard Surface Fock Function of the First Kind 432References 432Appendix E Four Parameter Noise Representation of an Amplifier 433Christophe Craeye, Jean Cavillot and Eloy de Lera AcedoReference 434Appendix F Equivalent Noise Currents 435Christophe Craeye, Jean Cavillot and Eloy de Lera AcedoReference 436Appendix G Basic Reciprocity Result 437Christophe Craeye, Jean Cavillot and Eloy de Lera AcedoAppendix H On the Extended Admittance Matrix 439Christophe Craeye and Ha Bui VanIndex 441
Trevor S. Bird, PhD, is Principal Antengenuity, Distinguished Visiting Professor University of Technology, Sydney, and Adjunct Professor Macquarie University, Australia.
1997-2025 DolnySlask.com Agencja Internetowa