Multifunctional Antennas and Arrays for Wireless Communication Systems

ISBN-13: 9781119535058 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 464 str.

S. K. Sharma; Jia-Chi Chieh

Spis treści

List of Contributors xiPreface xiiAcknowledgements xv1 Introduction 1Satish K. Sharma and Jia-Chi S. Chieh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Antenna: an Integral Component of Wireless Communications 11.3 Antenna Performance Parameters 21.4 Antenna Types 21.5 Multifunctional Antennas 31.6 Reconfigurable Antennas 61.7 Frequency Agile/Tunable Antenna 131.8 Antenna Measurements 171.9 Conclusion 18References 182 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas 19Saeed I. Latif and Satish K. Sharma2.1 Introduction 192.2 Mechanism of Frequency Reconfigurability 202.3 Types of FRAs 212.3.1 Frequency Reconfigurability by Switches/Tunable Components 212.3.1.1 Electrical Switches 222.3.1.2 Varactor Diodes 312.3.1.3 Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) Switches 402.3.1.4 Optical Switches 402.3.1.5 Ground Plane Membrane Deflection 432.3.2 Frequency Reconfigurability Using Special Materials 432.3.2.1 Liquid Crystals 452.3.2.2 Graphene 472.3.3 Frequency Reconfigurability by Mechanical Changes 492.3.3.1 Actuators 492.3.3.2 Motors 502.3.4 Frequency Reconfigurability Using Special Shapes 532.3.4.1 Origami Antennas 532.3.4.2 Fractal Shapes 542.4 FRAs in the Future: Applications in Emerging Technologies 582.5 Conclusion 59References 593 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 67Sima Noghanian and Satish K. Sharma3.1 Introduction 673.2 Pattern Reconfigurable by Electronically Changing Antenna Elements 673.3 Pattern Reconfigurable by Electronically Changing Feeding Network 883.4 Mechanically Controlled Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 903.5 Arrays and Optimizations 983.6 Reconfigurable Wearable and Implanted Antennas 1103.7 Conclusion 119References 1194 Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas 122Behrouz Babakhani and Satish K. Sharma4.1 Introduction 1224.2 Polarization Reconfiguration Mechanism Using RF Switches 1244.3 Solid-State RF Switch-Based Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna 1254.4 Mechanical and Micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) RF Switch-Based Antennas 1404.5 Switchable Feed Network-Based Polarization Reconfiguration 1484.6 Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas Using Metasurface 1574.7 Other Methods to Create Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas 1624.8 Conclusion 169References 1695 Liquid Metal, Piezoelectric, and RF MEMS-Based Reconfigurable Antennas 172Jia-Chi S. Chieh and Satish K. Sharma5.1 Introduction 1725.2 Liquid Metal - Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas 1725.3 Liquid Metal - Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 1755.4 Liquid Metal - Directivity Reconfigurable Antennas 1825.5 Piezoelectric - Pattern Reconfigurable Array 1845.6 RF MEMS - Frequency Reconfigurable 1895.7 RF MEMS - Polarization Reconfigurable 1915.8 RF MEMS - Pattern Reconfigurable 1945.9 Conclusion 196References 1976 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas 198Sima Noghanian and Satish K. Sharma6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Reconfigurable Pixel Antenna 1996.3 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas Using Fluidic 2096.4 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas Using Ferrite and Magnetic Materials 2136.5 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces 2246.6 Conclusion 229References 2297 Reconfigurable MIMO Antennas 232Kumud R. Jha and Satish K. Sharma7.1 Introduction 2327.2 Reconfigurable Antennas for MIMO Applications 2347.3 Isolation Techniques in MIMO Antennas 2377.3.1 Decoupling Network 2377.3.2 Neutralization Lines 2387.3.3 Using Artificial Material 2407.3.4 Defected Ground Plane 2417.4 Pattern Diversity Scheme 2417.5 Reconfigurable Polarization MIMO Antenna 2447.6 MIMO Antenna Performance Parameters 2547.6.1 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) 2547.6.2 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) 2557.6.3 Mean Effective Gain (MEG) 2567.6.4 Diversity Gain 2577.7 Some Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna Examples 2587.8 Conclusion 274References 2748 Multifunctional Antennas for 4G/5G Communications and MIMO Applications 279Kumud R. Jha and Satish K. Sharma8.1 Introduction 2798.2 MIMO Antennas in Multifunctional Systems 2818.3 MIMO Antennas in Radar Systems 2848.4 MIMO Antennas in Communication Systems 2908.5 MIMO Antennas for Sensing Applications 2908.6 MIMO Antennas for 5G Systems 2928.7 Massive MIMO Array 2938.8 Dielectric Lens for Millimeter Wave MIMO 2988.9 Beamforming in Massive MIMO 3018.10 MIMO in Imaging Systems 3038.11 MIMO Antenna in Medical Applications 3068.11.1 Ex-VIVO Applications 3068.11.2 MIMO Antenna for Medical Imaging 3098.11.3 Wearable MIMO Antenna 3098.11.4 MIMO Indigestion Capsule 3108.11.5 Reconfigurable Antennas in Bio-Medical Engineering 3138.12 Conclusion 316References 3179 Metamaterials in Reconfigurable Antennas 321Saeed I. Latif and Satish K. Sharma9.1 Introduction 3219.2 Metamaterials in Antenna Reconfigurability 3219.3 Metamaterial-Inspired Reconfigurable Antennas 3229.3.1 Metamaterial-Based Frequency Reconfigurability 3239.3.2 Metamaterial-Based Pattern Reconfigurability 3259.3.3 Metamaterial-Based Polarization Reconfigurability 3289.4 Metasurface-Inspired Reconfigurable Antennas 3339.5 Conclusion 336References 33710 Multifunctional Antennas for User Equipments (UEs) 341Satish K. Sharma and Sonika P. Biswal10.1 Introduction 34110.2 Lower/ Sub-6 GHz 5G Band Antennas 34210.3 5G mm-Wave Antenna Arrays 35310.4 Collocated Sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave 5G Array Antennas 36010.5 RF and EMF Exposure Limits 36910.6 Conclusion 374References 37411 DoD Reconfigurable Antennas 378Jia-Chi S. Chieh and Satish K. Sharma11.1 Introduction 37811.2 TACAN 37811.2.1 TACAN Antenna 37911.2.2 Course Bearing 38211.2.3 Fine Bearing 38211.3 Sea-Based X-Band Radar 1 (SBX-1) 38311.4 The Advanced Multifunction RF Concept (AMRFC) 38411.5 Integrated Topside (InTop) 39011.5.1 Wavelength Scaled Arrays 39011.5.2 Low-Cost Multichannel Microwave Frequency Phased Array Chipsets on Si and SiGe 39411.6 DARPA Arrays of Commercial Timescales (ACT) 40011.7 AFRL Transformational Element Level Array (TELA) 40511.8 Conclusion 406References 40812 5G Silicon RFICs-Based Phased Array Antennas 409Jia-Chi S. Chieh and Satish K. Sharma12.1 Introduction 40912.2 Silicon Beamformer Technology 40912.3 LO-Based Phase Shifting 41312.4 IF-Based Phase Shifting 41412.5 RF-Based Phase Shifting 41512.6 Ku-Band Phased Arrays Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 42212.7 Ku-Band Phased Arrays on ROHACELL Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 42512.8 Ku-Band Phased Arrays with Wide Axial Ratios Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 43112.9 28GHz Phased Arrays Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 43312.10 Phased Array Reflectors Utilizing Silicon Beamforming Chipsets 43812.11 Conclusion 442References 443Index 445

O autorze

Satish K. Sharma, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the San Diego State University (SDSU), San Diego, California, USA. He is also Director of the Antenna and Microwave Laboratory (AML) at the SDSU. He served as the Associate Editor (AE) for the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation and is now serving as the AE for the IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and URSI.Jia-Chi S. Chieh, PhD, has been working in the area of Antennas and RF Wireless Communications at the Naval Information Warfare Center in San Diego since 2004. He is also an Adjunct Faculty member at the SDSU with the Antenna and Microwave Laboratory (AML). Dr. Chieh has worked extensively in the area of phased array antennas over the past decade. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE.