Part I. Cross-Cutting Issues: Part II. Analysis of the Modes of Liability: Section 1. Individual Commission: 1. Direct commission Tom Gal; 2. Indirect commission Alejandro Kiss; 3. Improper omission Robert Roth; Section 2. Joint Commission: 4. Co-perpetration based on joined control over the crimes Elies van Sliedregt and Lachezar Yanev; 5. Joint criminal enterprise Lachezar Yanev; Section 3. Participation: 6. Aiding and abetting Manuel J. Ventura; 7. Instigation Antonio Coco; 8. Ordering Manuel J. Ventura; Section 4. Participation in Group Activities: 9. Group acting with a common purpose Marjolein Cupido; Section 5. Inchoate and Preparatory Acts: 10. Attempt Jérôme de Hemptinne; 11. Planning Jérôme de Hemptinne; 12. Conspiracy Jérôme de Hemptinne; 13. Incitement Jérôme de Hemptinne; Section 6. Other Forms of Responsibility: 14. Command responsibility Miles Jackson; Part III. Concluding Observations Jérôme de Hemptinne, Robert Roth and Elies van Sliedregt.