Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present

ISBN-13: 9781405186803 / Angielski / Miękka / 2017 / 384 str.

Radcliff, Pamela Beth

Opis

Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present is a comprehensive overview of Spanish history from the Napoleonic era to the present day.

• Places a large emphasis on Spain's place within broader European and global history
• The chronological political narrative is enriched by separate chapters on long term economic, social and cultural developments
• This presentation of modern Spanish history incorporates the latest thinking on key issues of modernity, social movements, nationalism, democratization and democracy

Spis treści

List of Maps xi

Preface xii

Acknowledgments xvi

Abbreviations and Glossary of Foreign Terms xviii

Political Chronology of Spanish History, 1808 2016 xxii

Part I: 1808 1868: The Era of the Liberal Revolution 1

1 Spain in the  Age of Revolutions 3

Spain in Europe and the World, 1780s 1820 4

A Snapshot of the Economy: Gradual Growth 7

Uneven Regional Development: Center/Periphery Divide 10

The Mediterranean Regional Network 10

The North Atlantic Regional Network 11

Regional Networks of the Center 12

Demography: A Growth Pattern 14

Characteristics of the Population: Occupation and Social Structure 15

Culture and Community 18

Political Crisis, 1808 1814 20

Dynastic Crisis 20

War and Resistance 21

The Cortes of Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812 22

A Spanish Constitutional Culture 23

The End of the Revolutionary Era 25

Conclusion 26

2 Political Transformation: From the Old Regime to the Liberal State, 1814 1868 28

Introduction: The Liberal Revolution in Comparative Context 28

The Major Players 31

Moderate and Progressive Parties 31

The Military and Pronunciamientos 32

The Crown 32

Popular/Local Mobilization 33

Counter ]revolution: Carlists 33

The Catholic Church 34

Chronology: From the Restoration of Absolutism to the Construction and Crisis of the Liberal State, 1814 1868 35

1814 1833: The Restoration and Demise of the Absolutist State 35

Restoration of Absolutism, 1814 1820 35

The Liberal Trienio, 1820 23 36

Return to Absolutism, 1823 34 38

1833 1845: The Construction of the Liberal State 39

The Carlist War 39

Moderate and Progressive Constitutions and Platforms 40

The Parameters of a Liberal Political, Juridical and Administrative Order, 1833 45 42

1845 1868: The Liberal State: From Consolidation to Crisis 44

Conclusion: Achievements and Limits of the Liberal Political Transformation 45

Part II: 1868 1923: The Emergence of Mass Politics 49

3 Politics on the Margins of the Liberal State: From 1848 to the  Sexenio (1868 1874) 51

Introduction: Mid ]Nineteenth ]century Popular Politics in Comparative Perspective 51

The Major Players 54

Carlists 54

Cuban Separatists 55

Democrats and Republicans 56

The Labor Movement and the First International 58

The First Democracy: The Sexenio, 1868 1874 60

The September 1868 Revolution 60

The Democratic Monarchy (June 1869 February 1873) 61

The Republic (February 12, 1873 January 4, 1874) 63

Conclusion 65

4 A New Era of Liberal Politics: The Second Restoration, 1875 1898 67

The Restoration in Comparative Context: State,

Nation, Empire and Democracy 68

The Multiple Faces of the Restoration Regime 71

Constructing a New Constitutional Regime: Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and the turno pacífico 71

The Dark Side of the Turno: Electoral Fraud and Caciquismo 74

Evaluating the Constraints and Opportunities of Restoration Politics 75

Constraints on Political Liberties Imposed by the State 75

Political Constraints and Opportunities: The View From Below 77

The Disaster of 1898: The Start of a New Era? 80

5 Restoration Politics: From Fin de Siècle to Postwar Crisis, 1898 1923 83

Introduction: Early Twentieth ]Century Spanish Politics in Comparative Context 83

1898 1914: Efforts to Reform the Regime From Above 85

The Conservative Party and Antonio Maura 86

The Liberal Party and José Canalejas 87

1914 23: From Elite Reform to Mass Mobilization: Alternative Political Projects 90

The First World War in Spain 90

From the Turno to Fragmentation of the Liberal and Conservative Parties, 1913 23 91

Movements on the Right 92

Catholic Mobilization 92

Basque Nationalism (PNV/CNV) 93

Mauristas/Spanish Nationalism 94

Movements on the Left 95

Socialists (PSOE/UGT) 95

Anarcho ]syndicalists (CNT) 96

Movements of the Center 97

Republicanism 97

Catalanism/LLiga 98

Turning Points in the Crisis of the Restoration, 1917 23 99

The Democratic Assembly Movement, 1917 100

The La Canadiense Strike, 1919 101

A Last Effort at Reform From Above, 1920 23? 102

Conclusion 103

Part III: The Long View: Social, Economic and Cultural Change, 1830 1930 105

6 Economic and Demographic Evolution: 1830 1930 107

Spain in the World Economy, 1830 1930 108

General Economic and Population Trends: Gradual Growth and Structural Evolution 110

The Agricultural Sector 113

The Industrial Sector 115

Uneven Regional Development: Center/Periphery Divide 118

Conclusion: Missed Opportunities or Inherent Constraints? 120

7 Culture and Society, 1830 1930 122

Introduction: Social and Cultural Evolution in Comparative Perspective 122

The Social Order: Evolution and Diversity 124

A Hybrid Elite 125

The Urban Middle Classes 126

The Popular Classes or el pueblo 127

Rural Society 128

Sociability and Identity: A Diverse and Evolving Cultural Landscape 129

A New Urban Culture: Encoding Social Hierarchy in the Public Sphere 130

On the Margins of Middle Class Culture: The Avant ]Garde and the Modern Woman 133

Urban Popular Sociability and Mass Culture 134

The Catholic Church, Religion and Rural Society 136

Local, Regional and National Cultures and Identities 139

Conclusion 142

Part IV: Dictatorship and Democracy, 1923 Present 143

8 The First Dictatorship: The Primo de Rivera Regime, 1923 1930 145

Introduction: The Primo Regime in Comparative Perspective 145

From Coup to  Temporary Dictatorship, 1923 1925 148

Elements of a New Kind of Dictatorship: The Civil Directory, 1925 1929 149

Labor Relations 150

Nationalization Campaigns 151

Authoritarian Development 153

End of the Dictatorship, 1929 1930 154

Political Transition to a Republic, 1930 1931 155

Conclusion 156

9 The Second Republic: 1931 1936 158

The Second Republic in Comparative Perspective 159

Periodization: The Shifting Majority Coalitions of the Second Republic 161

The First Biennium (1931 1933): Pursuing a Center/Left Majority Coalition 164

What Went Wrong with the First Biennium? 167

Mobilizing against the Coalition 167

A Disintegrating Majority Coalition 169

The Second Biennium, 1933 1935: Pursuing a Center/Right Majority Coalition 173

What Went Wrong with the Second Biennium? 175

Mobilizing against the Coalition 176

An Unconsolidated Majority Coalition 178

The Popular Front, February July 1936 180

What Went Wrong with the Popular Front? 181

Conclusion 182

10 The Civil War: 1936 1939 184

The Civil War in Comparative Perspective 185

From Military Coup to Civil War: The Summer of 1936 187

The Rebel Forces in the Summer of 1936 188

Ideology and Violence in Rebel Territory 190

The Loyalist Forces during the Summer of 1936 191

Revolution in Republican Territory 191

Violence in Republican Territory 194

Organizing for the Long War: The Republicans 195

Foreign Aid 196

Reconstructing a Republican State 198

Organizing for the Long War: The Nationalists 201

Constructing a  New State 201

Foreign Aid 203

The Military Stages of the War 204

Conclusion 207

11 The Second Dictatorship: The Franco Regime, 1939 1976 209

The Franco Regime in Comparative Perspective 210

Periodization: The Stages of the Franco Dictatorship 212

Phase One, 1936 1945: Militarization, Fascist Influence and Extreme Repression 214

Phase II, 1945 1957: National Catholicism, Monarchist Restoration and International Integration 218

Phase III, 1957 1969: Authoritarian Development and Institutionalization 221

Phase IV, 1969 1975: Collapse of the Coalition and Death of the Dictator 227

Conclusion 229

12 Economic, Social and Cultural Transformation, 1930s 1970s 230

Economy, Society and Culture in Comparative Perspective 230

Economic and Demographic Trends 232

The Years of Hunger : Deprivation, Disease and Death in the 1940s 232

From Economic Stagnation to Rapid Growth: 1950s 1970s 234

Structural shift from Agriculture to Industry and Service Sectors 235

Consumption and Population Trends 236

Uneven Benefits 237

Social and Cultural Trends 238

Society and Culture in the Years of Hunger 239

Rupture and Restitution for Winners and Losers 239

Family and Gender 240

The Church, Religion and Education 241

The Public Sphere: Associations and Sociability 242

Social and Cultural Evolution in the Growth Years: 1960s 1970s 244

Migration and Social Mobility 244

Diversification of the Public Sphere 245

The Decline of  Tradition : Youth, Gender and Religion 247

Conclusion 248

13 The Last Democratic Transition: 1976 1982 250

The Transition to Democracy in Comparative Perspective 251

Origins of the Transition: Favorable Factors vs. the 1930s 252

Economic Development 252

Geographic Location: Western Europe 252

Civil Society Mobilization 253

Francoist Elites: Reformers and the Bunker 254

The Institutional Transition: July 1976 December 1978 254

Elite Actors and the  Push from Below, 1976 77 255

The June 1977 Elections and Building Consensus Through Pacts 257

The Constitution of 1978 259

The Basque Exception 261

From Transition to Consolidation, 1978 1982 261

Autonomous Governments 262

Local Governments 262

Leadership Crisis and Attempted Coup, 1981 263

The 1982 Election 264

Conclusion 265

14 Democratic State and Social Transformation, 1982 2016 266

The Democratic Era in Comparative Perspective 266

Democratic government under PSOE leadership: 1982 1996 270

Institutionalization and European Integration 270

Neo ]Liberalism and Social Welfare 272

The End of the PSOE Era 273

From Consolidation to Crispación: PP and PSOE alternation from 1996 to 2011 274

Political Polarization 275

State/Regional Polarization 277

Democratic Society 277

2008 2016: Crisis and Uncertainty 278

Conclusion 280

Notes 282

Works Cited 314

Index 336

O autorze

Pamela Beth Radcliff is Professor of History at the University of California, San Diego. She is the author of From Mobilization to Civil War: The Politics of Polarization in the Spanish City of Gijon, 1900–1937 (1996), Making Democratic Citizens in Spain: Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition, 1960–1978 (2011)and co–editor of Constructing Spanish Womanhood: Female Identity in Modern Spain (1999).

Blurb

Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present is a comprehensive overview of Spanish history from the Napoleonic era to the present day. From the war of independence and civil war to dictatorship and democracy, this book covers all the major historic events that shaped Spain s evolution in the modern era over the past two centuries.

Incorporating the most up–to–date historical research, author Pamela Radcliff weaves a fascinating and in–depth narrative of Spanish political, economic, cultural and social   history into the broader fabric of European and global history. Readers will start their journey in the era of the liberal revolution of the early 19th century and Spain s transformation from an absolutist to a liberal regime.  From the mid–19th century, the struggles over expanding the parameters of elite liberalism are explored through various popular movements of the right and left, culminating during the democratic Sexenio (1868–74).  The journey continues through the 20th century, where alternating periods of dictatorship and democracy, punctuated by the Civil War of the 1930s, culminate in the transition of the 1970s to the current democratic regime. The book ends with an evaluation of the achievements and limits of the almost four decades of democracy since 1978.

Illuminating and grounded in the latest scholarship, which can be accessed in the extensive endnotes, Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present covers the full spectrum of politics, war, and social conflict that shaped and transformed Spain from the Napoleonic era into the first decades of the 21st century.