List of Tables and Maps; Preface; Note on Transliteration; Glossary; Introduction, Masooda Bano; Section 1: al-Azhar University and Mosque Network; 1. al-Azhar University: A Crisis of Authority, Masooda Bano; 2. History and Continuity: al-Azhar and Egypt, Nathan Spannaus; 3. al-Azhar, Wasa?iyyah, and the W?qi‘, Pooya Razavian; Section 2: Saudi-Salafism; 4. Saudi Salafism Amid Rapid Social Change, Masooda Bano; 5. Evolution of Saudi Salafism, Nathan Spannaus; 6. Post-Salafism: Salman al-Odah and Hatim al-‘Awni, Pooya Razavian; Section 3: Deobandi Madrasash Network; 7. The Deobandi Network: Steadfast in taql?d, Masooda Bano; 8. Darul Uloom Deoband and South Asian Islam, Nathan Spannaus; 9. Deoband’s Conservatism: The Darul Ifta, Nadwatul Ulama and Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Pooya Razavian; Section 4: Diyanet; 10. Diyanet: Taking Center Stage, Masooda Bano; 11. Religion in the Service of the State: Diyanet and Republican Turkey, Nathan Spannaus; 12. Turkish Islamic Debates: Diyanet, Hayrettin Karaman, and Recep ?entürk, Masooda Bano and Emre Caliskan.