Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data

ISBN-13: 9781118443064 / Angielski / Twarda / 2015 / 272 str.

Vera Pawlowsky–Glahn; Juan Egozcue; Raimon Tolosana–Delgado

Opis

Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data presents a practical and comprehensive introduction to the analysis of compositional data along with numerous examples to illustrate both theory and application of each method. Based upon short courses delivered by the authors, it provides a complete and current compendium of fundamental to advanced methodologies along with exercises at the end of each chapter to improve understanding, as well as data and a solutions manual which is available on an accompanying website. Complementing Pawlowsky-Glahn's earlier collective text that provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in this field, Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data fills a gap in the literature for a much-needed manual for teaching, self learning or consulting.

Spis treści

Preface xi

About the Authors xv

Acknowledgments xix

1 Introduction 1

2 Compositional Data and Their Sample Space 8

2.1 Basic concepts 8

2.2 Principles of compositional analysis 12

2.2.1 Scale invariance 12

2.2.2 Permutation invariance 15

2.2.3 Subcompositional coherence 16

2.3 Zeros, missing values, and other irregular components 16

2.3.1 Kinds of irregular components 16

2.3.2 Strategies to analyze irregular data 19

2.4 Exercises 21

3 The Aitchison Geometry 23

3.1 General comments 23

3.2 Vector space structure 24

3.3 Inner product, norm and distance 26

3.4 Geometric figures 28

3.5 Exercises 30

4 Coordinate Representation 32

4.1 Introduction 32

4.2 Compositional observations in real space 33

4.3 Generating systems 33

4.4 Orthonormal coordinates 36

4.5 Balances 38

4.6 Working on coordinates 43

4.7 Additive logratio coordinates (alr) 46

4.8 Orthogonal projections 48

4.9 Matrix operations in the simplex 54

4.9.1 Perturbation–linear combination of compositions 54

4.9.2 Linear transformations of óKòù: endomorphisms 55

4.9.3 Other matrix transformations on óKòù: nonlinear transformations 57

4.10 Coordinates leading to alternative Euclidean structures 59

4.11 Exercises 61

5 Exploratory Data Analysis 65

5.1 General remarks 65

5.2 Sample center, total variance, and variation matrix 66

5.3 Centering and scaling 68

5.4 The biplot: a graphical display 70

5.4.1 Construction of a biplot 70

5.4.2 Interpretation of a 2D compositional biplot 72

5.5 Exploratory analysis of coordinates 76

5.6 A geological example 79

5.7 Linear trends along principal components 85

5.8 A nutrition example 89

5.9 A political example 96

5.10 Exercises 100

6 Random Compositions 103

6.1 Sample space 103

6.1.1 Conventional approach to the sample space of compositions 105

6.1.2 A compositional approach to the sample space of compositions 106

6.1.3 Definitions related to random compositions 107

6.2 Variability and center 108

6.3 Probability distributions on the simplex 112

6.3.1 The normal distribution on the simplex 114

6.3.2 The Dirichlet distribution 121

6.3.3 Other distributions 127

6.4 Exercises 128

7 Statistical Inference 130

7.1 Point estimation of center and variability 130

7.2 Testing hypotheses on compositional normality 135

7.3 Testing hypotheses about two populations 136

7.4 Probability and confidence regions for normal data 142

7.5 Bayesian estimation with count data 144

7.6 Exercises 147

8 Linear Models 149

8.1 Linear regression with compositional response 150

8.2 Regression with compositional covariates 156

8.3 Analysis of variance with compositional response 160

8.4 Linear discrimination with compositional predictor 163

8.5 Exercises 165

9 Compositional Processes 172

9.1 Linear processes 173

9.2 Mixture processes 176

9.3 Settling processes 178

9.4 Simplicial derivative 183

9.5 Elementary differential equations 186

9.5.1 Constant derivative 187

9.5.2 Forced derivative 189

9.5.3 Complete first–order linear equation 194

9.5.4 Harmonic oscillator 200

9.6 Exercises 204

10 Epilogue 206

References 211

Appendix A Practical Recipes 222

A.1 Plotting a ternary diagram 222

A.2 Parameterization of an elliptic region 224

A.3 Matrix expressions of change of representation 226

Appendix B Random Variables 228

B.1 Probability spaces and random variables 228

B.2 Description of probability 232

List of Abbreviations and Symbols 234

Author Index 237

General Index 241

O autorze

VERA PAWLOWSKY–GLAHN Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, and Statistics, University of Girona, Spain

JUAN JOSÉ EGOZCUE Department of Applied Mathematics III, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain

RAIMON TOLOSANA–DELGADO Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Germany

Blurb

Statistical analysis of compositional data has been a topic of research for more than a century; within the last decade, theoretical results have shown that the simplex the sample space of compositional data can be structured as a Euclidean space. This allows the representation of compositions in coordinates; in particular, in coordinates with respect to an orthonormal (Cartesian) basis. In turn, it offers a way to apply all known methods in multivariate statistics, which were developed under the assumption that data are realizations of real random variables.

Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data presents a practical and comprehensive introduction with numerous examples to illustrate both theory and application of each method. The authors provide a complete and current compendium of fundamental to advanced methodologies along with exercises at the end of each chapter to aid the readers understanding. Solutions to questions raised throughout the text, along with datasets, are available on the companion website (www.wiley.com/go/glahn/practical).

 Presents a comprehensive and practical introduction to the analysis of compositional data.

 Presents numerous examples of compositional data and exercises from many fields of science.

 Uses a sample space approach to compositional data based on its algebraic/geometric structure.

 Written by leading experts responsible for many advances in the field.

 Accompanied by a website featuring a manual with solutions, instructions to access free software, and datasets.

Statisticians, mathematicians, and researchers in all fields of science that have to deal with compositional data will find this book a useful resource. It can also be used as a textbook for students with basic knowledge of linear algebra, calculus, and statistics.