Mobile Health (Mhealth): Rethinking Innovation Management to Harmonize AI and Social Design

ISBN-13: 9789811942297 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022

Kodama, Kota

Opis

This book examines the current status of mHealth development, regulations and the social background in Japan, South Korea and China, comparing it to the situation in the United States and the European Union and consider solutions to issues surrounding mHealth.

The recent progress in mobile technology, represented by smartphones and smart watches, has been remarkable. A service called mobile health (mHealth), which uses such mobile technology to manage health, is also becoming a reality. Although the accuracy of medical devices is not as accurate as those used in medicine, the biometric information such as heart rate and SpO2 can already be monitored over a long period of time. Although the technology is maturing to the point where it can be implemented in society, it remains an unapproved service of medical care in most countries. The development and social implementation of mHealth is most active in the US, but social implementation is gradually progressing in other countries as well. In this book, we will first discuss what kind of global and harmonized regulations are desirable by comparing the regulatory reforms necessary for social implementation of mHealth. In addition, mHealth raises privacy concerns in the US because the usual behavior and biometric information of subjects is utilized by private companies. In addition, it is important to note that the behavior and biometric information of subjects collected by smart devices is automatically analyzed by AI technology, mainly machine learning, which makes the analysis a black box.

Spis treści

Global scale comparison of mHealth regulation

Chapter 1 Introduction of the concept of AI in the field of mHealth while discovering the trends in mHealth research field

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition of AI handled in this Book

1.3 Literature Review

1.4 Methods

1.4.1 Bibliometric Analysis

1.4.2 Data collection

1.4.3 Data Analysis

1.5 Results

1.5.1 Number of Publications in the mHealth Field

1.5.2 Number of Publications in Countries and Regions

1.5.3 Partnering Networks of countries and Regions

1.5.4 Top Journals in the mHealth Field

1.5.5 Top Keywords and Networks of mHealth Publications

1.5.6 Chronological Trends of mHealth Publication in Countries and Regions

1.6 Discussion

1.7 Conclusion

Chapter 2 Relationship of Innovation and Regulation on mHealth 

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Background of Mobile Health Development

2.1.2 Innovation in mHealth

2.1.3 The Objective of This Research

2.1.4 Theoretical Framework

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Research on Regulations

2.3 Results

2.3.1 Regulatory Transition in USA

2.4 Discussion

2.4.1 Interactive Regulator

2.4.2 Medical Entrepreneur

2.4.3 Current Challenges and Future Perspective

2.5 Limitations

2.6 Conclusion

Chapter 3 The Current Situation of Mobile Health in China from the Perspective of Policy, Application, and User Acceptance: A Multi-Method Systematic Analysis

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 The Burden of Disease and the Current State of Healthcare in 

China

3.1.2 Healthcare Reform in China

3.1.3 Mobile Health

3.1.4 Objective

3.2 Method

3.2.1 Data Collection

3.2.2 Data analysis

3.3 Results

3.3.1 Summary Analysis of China’s mHealth Policies

3.3.2 Current Status of Mobile Health Applications in China

3.3.3 The User Acceptance of Mobile Health in China

3.4.2 Factors that Affect the Use of Mobile Health Technology

3.4.3 Policy Recommendations

3.5 Limitations

Chapter 4 Digital Healthcare Development and mHealth in South Korea 

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Healthcare Industry with Aging Population Surrounding South Korea

4.3 Healthcare-retaled Policies in the US and EU

4.3.1 US Policy

4.3.2 EU Policy

4.4 Digital Healthcare Policy and Development in South Korea

4.4.1 EMR as the Foundation of Healthcare – Introduction of EMR 

in South Korea

4.4.2 Healthcare-related Policies in South Korea

4.5 mHealth in South Korea

4.6 Status of mHealth Business in South Korea

4.6.1 mHealth through Public Private Partnership (PPP)

4.7 Mobile Healthcare Service Provided by Public Health Centers

4.7.1 Mobile Healthcare Service Provided by Public Healthcare 

Centres for High-Risk People

Discussion of mHealth development with case studies

4.7.2 Mobile Healthcare Service Provided by Public Health Centers 

for Senior

4.7.3 Mobile Healthcare Service Provided by Public Health Centers 

for Youth

4.8 COVID-19 and mHealth in South Korea

4.8.1 Immigration Management

4.8.2 Self-quarantine Monitoring Application

4.8.3 Management of COVID-19 Positive Individuals

4.9 South Korea mHealth Model Driving by Government

4.10 Conclusion

Chapter 5 Regulations and the Status of Social Implementation of Services on mHealth in Japan

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Types of Existing mHealth Application and Examples

5.2.1 Behavior Change Communication

5.2.2 Information System / Data Collection

5.2.3 Logistics / Supply Management

5.2.4 Service Delivery

5.2.5 Financial transactions and Incentives

5.2.6 Workforce Development and Support at Health Care Facilities

5.3 Healthcare System of Japan

5.3.1 Overview of Japanese Healthcare System

5.3.2 The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law

5.3.3 Status of the Consideration of Medical Insurance System 

Reform in Japan

5.4 Status of mHealth Development and Approval as Medical Devices in Japan

5.4.1 Current Regulatory Framework

5.4.2 Regulatory Approvals of Stand-alone Programs as Regulated 

Medical Devices

5.5 Political and Social Initiatives for Health Promotion in Japan

5.6 Examples of mHealth Used for Health Promotion in Japan

5.6.1 Overview of Health Promotion Apps

5.6.2 Example of Broader Use of Health Promotion mHealth

Combination with Life Insurance

5.7 responses of Japanese Pharmaceutical Companies to mHealth

5.7.1 Better Control on Medication: Sensors Embedded in Tablets 

(Medication control) Connected to Smartphones

5.7.2 Development of mHealth Business as a Treatment Option 

Complementing Treatments by Chemical Drugs

5.7.3 mHealth Use in Clinical Trials and Clinical Research in the 

Area of Commercial Interest from Pharmaceutical Business’s 

Perspective

5.7.4 mHealth as Part of a Comprehensive Healthcare Services 

Proposed by Pharmaceutical Companies in the Fields Where 

Companies Have Been Providing Pharmaceutical

5.7.5 Investigation of the Presence or Absence of a Shift of Interest 

from Pharmaceuticals to Medical Devices Among Major Japanese 

Pharmaceutical Companies

5.8 Status of Readiness to Utilize Public Healthcare Big Data

5.9 The State of Japanese Startups in the mHealth Industry

5.10 Conclusion

Chapter 6 Precision Public Health and the Role of mHealth : The Use of Smartphone Applications Worldwide in Mitigating the Covid19 Pandemic and Their Integration as Components of Public Health Policies. A Focus on the French Example

6.1 Public Health, Individual Health, One health and Precision Public Health

6.1.1 Individual Health and the Health of Populations

6.1.2 The Articulation Between Individual and Population Level

6.1.3 Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models of Health: Individual, 

Environmental and Social Determinants of Health

6.1.4 The Concept of Precision Public Health vs that of P4 Medicine

6.1.5 The Specific Place of Communicable Diseases - an Archetype 

for Reasoning and Decision-Making and Evolution Towards the One 

Health Model

6.2 Guarantee the Conditions of Individual Health and the Health of Populations

6.2.1 Public Policies of Health or Policies of Public Health?

6.2.2 Society of Insurance, Risk-based Society and Sanitization of 

Society

6.2.3 Places of Industry, the Private Sector and the Concept of 

Innovation in Health Policies

6.3 Example of the Covid19 Pandemic

6.3.1 Historical and General Context

6.3.2 Beginning and Development of the Pandemic

6.3.3 First Public Health Measures Taken

6.4 How Were the Information and Decision-making Systems in Place Before the Pandemic, in Terms of Decision Support?

6.4.1 The Count of Deaths, Identification of the Medical Causes of 

Death and the Associated Determinants

6.5 States of Emergency: the Parallel Between Existing and Ad hoc Information Systems, and Usual and Ad hoc Policy Measures

6.6 Contact Tracing Applications and Policy Measures for Pandemic Control

6.6.1 A Call for the Use of Smartphones from Several Countries and 

Several Communities

6.6.2 Use of smartphones and network data - mobility data

6.6.3 Use of Smartphones for Personal Information

6.6.4 Using Smartphones for Contact Tracing

6.7 What Political Measures Have Been Deployed? A Typology

6.7.1 Closure of Certain stores / Public Places

6.7.2 Closure of Schools

6.7.3 Isolation, Quarantine and Confinement

6.7.4 Regional, National and International Travel Restrictions

6.7.5 The Tools Used for These Measures, the Use of Technology

6.8 A Panorama of Applications in Several Countries

6.8.1 Main Initial Intended Uses of the Applications

6.8.2 Main Characteristics of These Applications Depending on the 

Country

6.8.3 Changes in the use of Applications Over Time

6.9 Contact Tracing Applications Seen as Innovations in Health, the case of France

6.9.1 Precision Applications and Public Health - a Synchronous 

Prototype on a Global Scale?

6.9.2 Public or Private?

6.9.3 What Regulations Have the Applications Had to Comply with?

6.10 Evaluate a Priori the Actual Benefit of the Applications

6.10.1 Necessary Coverage, Equipment Rate of Target Populations

6.10.2 Determinants of Intent to Use Applications

6.10.3 Determinants of Application Use

6.11 State of Exception, Exception Status for Applications?

6.12 Innovation, Precision Public Health and Societies

6.12.1 A First Attempt that May Cause Concern: Innovate with Old 

Things, and Ignoring Known Good Practices

6.12.2 Different Political Regimes, But Few Differences in the Use of 

Applications?

6.12.3 Applications as an Example of the Use of Technology as a 

Neutral, Non-Scientific Mediator of Biopolitical Actions

Chapter 7 Summary of the First Half and the Possibilities and Problems Related to mHealth in the Later Chapters

7.1 Summary of the First Half Chapter of the Book

7.1.1 Challenges and Possibilities Faced by Implementation of 

mHealth

7.1.2 International Trends and Development of mHealth Research

7.1.3 Health Care Entrepreneurship with the Development of Policy 

and Regulations

7.1.4 mHealth Research Trends and Policy Regulations in China

7.1.5 mHealth Trends and Advancements in Korea from the 

Perspectives of Policy and Regulations

7.1.6 Trends and Development of mHealth in Japan

7.1.7 Connection Between Public Health and mHealth During the 

Pandemic in France

7.2 Coordinating the Challenges and Solutions for the Development of mHealth Implementation Worldwide

7.3 Possibilities of the development and Future Perspectives in

mHealth

7.3.1 Possibility and Developments of Labor Management with the 

Implementation of mHealth

7.3.2 Expansion of Value Distribution Range with mHealth from the 

Entertainment Perspective

7.3.3 mHealth Development of the Perspectives from Preventive 

Medicine

7.4 Implication of the Book

Discussion of mHealth development with case studies

Chapter 8 mHealth as a Component of Next Generation Healthcare

8.1 Relationship Between Future Social Issues and Mobile Health (mHealth)

8.2 Societal Conditions for the Use of Medical/health Big Data

8.2.1 Societal Conditions and Prospects of Electronic Health Records 

(EHRs)

8.2.2 Prospects of Personal Health Records (PHRs)

8.2.3 Future Use of EHR/PHR and mHealth

8.3 Established Wearable Devices (in market) and Their Reliability

8.3.1 Research Trends of Wearable Devices in Healthcare

8.3.2 Example of Physically Flexible Wearable Devices

8.3.3 Future of Wearable Devices as mHealth Components

8.4 Prospects of Using Virtual Reality (VR)

8.5 Prospects of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

8.5.1 Use of AI/ML as Technological Components

8.5.2 Use of AI/ML in Regulated Circumstances

8.6 Consideration on Medical Intervention from a Distance

8.6.1 Effect of New Infectious Diseases on Medical Intervention from 

a Distance or Control of Epidemic

8.6.2 Prospects of the Control of Mental Diseases from a Distance

8.7 Trends of mHealth Providers as Regulated Medical Devices – 

Example in the US

8.8 Early Detection of Diseases from the Data-science Aspect

8.8.1. Prospects of Early Detection of Seizures

8.8.2 Early Detection of COVID-19

8.8.3 Early Detection of Other Infectious Diseases

8.8.4 Future Prospects of Early Detection

8.9 Consideration of Unmet Medical Needs and Cost-effectiveness of mHealth

8.10 Conclusion

Chapter 9 mHealth’s Potential for Measuring Work Attitudes in Psychological and Physical Factors

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Workplace Health Environment After a Pandemic

9.1.2 Background of Mobile Health Measurement

9.1.3 Heart Rate Measurement and Measurement Methods

9.1.4 Construction Environment for Workers

9.1.5 Objective of This Research

9.2 Measurement Methods Using Mobile Tools

9.2.1 Devices and Systems Used for the Measurements

9.2.2 Participating Workers

9.2.3 Measurement Parameters

9.2.4 Study Protocol

9.2.5. Data Acquisition

9.2.6. Risk Model and Validity of Variables

9.3 Results of Worker Measurements Measured by the mHealth Device

9.3.1 Characteristics of the Measured Participants

9.3.1.1 Analysis of Relationship between ACC and %HRR by 

Workers

9.3.1.2 Analysis of Relationship between ACC and %HRR by 

Workers’ Age

9.3.1.3 Analysis of Relationship between ACC and %HRR by 

Workers’ BMI

9.3.1.4 Analysis of Relationship between ACC and %HRR by 

Workers’ WBGT

9.3.2 Logistic Regression Model for Workers' Health Risk

9.4 Discussion

9.4.1 Construction Workers’ Health Risk

9.4.2 Future Prospects for Understanding Construction Workers 

and mHealth

9.5. Limitations

9.6 Conclusion

Chapter 10 mHealth Beyond Healthcare -Fusion Approach Towards Better Wellness-

10.1 The Use of mHealth in the Medical Healthcare Sector

10.1.1 mHealth for Disease Care

10.1.2 mHealth for Non-medical Healthcare

10.1.3 mHealth for Wellness

10.2 mHealth Beyond Medicine: Pokémon GO as a Case of Entertainment

10.2.1 Introduction

10.2.2 Key Characteristics

10.2.2.1 Increased Physical Activities

10.2.2.2 Enhanced Communication and Social Connectedness

10.2.2.3 Key Challenges and Perspectives

10.3 Discussion and Future Outlook

10.3.1 Innovation Process

10.3.2 Modes of Innovation

10.3.3 Innovation Dynamics

10.4 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 11 Mobile Health for Preventive Healthcare

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Preventive Healthcare

11.3 Health Literacy

11.4 Self-Monitoring Device for Self-management

11.5 Development of Communication Tools for Healthcare Support

11.6 The Evidence of mHealth for Preventive Healthcare

11.6.1 Hypertension

11.6.2 Diabetes and Obesity

11.6.3 Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases

11.7 Presenteeism as a Candidate of New Parameter for mHealth

11.8 Conclusion and Subsequent Steps

Chapter 12 Overall Summary

12.1 The Future of Digital Healthcare Systems

12.1.1 Medical Digital Data and Its Handling

12.2 Digital Innovation Platform for Mobile Health

12.2.1 Optimising the Cost-benefit Balance in Regulatory 

Compliance

12.2.2 Innovation Path to Foster Innovative Technologies

12.2.3 Exclusive Reach to Specific Needs

12.2.4 Establishing Platform Leadership

12.3 Limitations and Future Perspectives

O autorze

Dr. Kodama joined Suntory Holdings Limited after graduating (1998) and completed master's degree (2000) at Kyushu University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. He obtained a Ph.D. (Pharmaceutical Sciences) from Kyushu University in 2004. After predoctoral at RIKEN and postdoctoral training at several university, he contributed the industry-academic joint research at Hokkaido University as an associate professor and project manager (2010–2016). He has been appointed for an associate professor, Graduate School of Technology Management (MOT), Ritsumeikan University, since 2016 to present. He has been engaged in a variety of academic, business and projects management, especially in the field of life sciences. His areas of specialization are technology management, entrepreneurship, business development and bioinformatics. Recently, he is selected as Fellow of Fondation France-Japon de l'EHESS.

Prof. Dr. Shintaro Sengoku is Professor and Principal Investigator of School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology and Visiting Professor of the Institute for Future Initiatives, the University of Tokyo. He has professional experience in advisory services at McKinsey&Company and Fast Track Initiative, Inc., a venture capital focusing on the bio/health technology industry; research and education experience in the field of management of technology and innovation research at Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, International Collaborative Center, Kyoto University and Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University.