Media industry studies and the independent production company
Hong Kong film companies: past and present
Conclusion
2 Hong Kong Film Industry in Transition
Industry in crisis
Production companies in transformation
Conclusion
3 Bringing the Old to the New: Formation and Development of Milkyway
Milkyway as a business entity
Milkyway as a creative team
Conclusion
4 From Hong Kong to the Mainland: Milkyway’s Production and Business Practices
Establishing a brand for the Hong Kong audience
Expanding into the mainland Chinese market
Conclusion
5 In Defence of Hong Kong: Milkyway Films’ Domestic Critical Reception
Hong Kong’s film community since the mid-1990s
Milkyway films as mirrors of Hong Kong
Redefining Hong Kong cinema through Milkyway films
Conclusion
6 Shaping Hong Kong Cinema’s New Icon: Milkyway at International Film Festivals
Debut: specialised film festivals
Breakthrough: Cannes, Berlin, Venice and Toronto
Beyond and after major festivals
Conclusion
7 Defining Hong Kong Cinema through Distribution: Milkyway Films in the United States
The ‘return’ of Hong Kong film
The ‘disappearance’ of Hong Kong identity
The Chinese connection
Conclusion
8 Building a Hong Kong Studio Brand: Milkyway’s Changing Image in Overseas Critical Reception
Milkyway as an invisible factory
Milkyway as a period in Johnnie To’s career
Milkyway as a house style and a brand per se
Conclusion
Yi Sun is Lecturer in the College of Media and International Culture at Zhejiang University. Her research interests include screen industries, Chinese-language cinema, film genre, film authorship, and film historiography. She has published in journals such as Asian Cinema, Transnational Cinemas, Canadian Journal of Film Studies, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, and Adaptation. She has received the 2018 Peter Morris Prize presented by the Film Studies Association of Canada for the best essay published in Canadian Journal of Film Studies.
This book adopts an integrative research framework that primarily combines industrial and discourse analysis to investigate the company Milkyway Image, drawing upon literature that studies film studios and the practices of film production, distribution, and reception. The history of the Hong Kong-based film production company Milkyway Image from its founding in 1996 to the present exemplifies the metamorphosis of the post-return Hong Kong film industry to an era characterised by Hong Kong’s integration into a Chinese national context and the transnationalisation of world cinema. It shows that contemporary Hong Kong cinema’s transition resists a monolithic chronicle and instead represents a narrative combining the perspectives of different interest groups and a complex process of compliance and resistance, negotiation and contestation. The meaning of Milkyway’s films shifts as they are circulated across cultures and viewed within diverse frameworks, and our understanding of Hong Kong cinema is subject to varying contexts and historical configurations.
For researchers in film and media studies and those who have a general interest in Hong Kong cinema, Asian cinema, or contemporary film culture, this book reveals how a variety of industry and cultural bodies have become co-creators of meaning for a film production house, and how the company operates as a co-creator of the discourse that surrounds it.