Migration and Fate of Pollutants in Soils and Subsoils

ISBN-13: 9783642778643 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 506 str.

Domenico Petruzzelli; Friedrich G. Helfferich

Opis

Experts in soil and environmental sciences as well as in the theory of wave propagation and numerical modeling methods provide a comprehensive account of different aspects of pollutant migration in soils, aquifers, and other geological formations. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of contributing phenomena and their interactions, modeling, and the practical use of such knowledge and models for guidance in disposal operations, preventive measures to minimize ecological damage, prediction of consequences of seepage, and design of remedial actions. Topics covered include the chemical behavior of soils, sorption and retardation, biochemistry of pollutants, ion exchange and kinetics of reactions in soils, measurement of adsorption and desorption, multiphase hydrodynamics, multicomponent wave theory and the coherence concept, nonlinear wave propagation in geological formations, multiphase convective transport, diffusion and fast reaction, modeling pollutant transport, numerical methods, dispersion of contaminants from landfills, risk analysis, water reuse, and radioactive soil contamination at Chernobyl.

Spis treści

I. Local Phenomena.- Transport and Fate of Pollutants in Subsurface Systems: Contaminants Sorption and Retardation.- - Subsurface Sorption Processes.- - Sorption Models.- - Mechanistic Equilibrium Models.- - Ion Exchange and Surface Complexation.- - Hydrophobic Sorption.- - Phenomenological Equilibrium Models.- - Classical models.- - The Distributed Reactivity Model.- - Rate Models.- - Mass Transfer Models.- - Type I Domains and Models.- - Application Considerations.- - Contaminant Fate and Transport.- - The ADR Equation.- - Common Assumptions and Approximations.- - Analyses of Field Scale Sensitivity.- - Closure.- - References.- Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Soil Chemical Behaviour of Contaminants in Soils.- - General Background of Metal Ion Binding.- - Chemical Heterogeneity.- - Electrostatic Effects.- - Competition.- - Specific Binding to Oxides.- - Specific Binding to Organic Matter.- - Sorption by Soil.- - References.- Organic Pollutant Migration in Soils as Affected by Soil Organic Matter. Molecular and Mechanistic Aspects.- - Soil Humic Substances.- - Organic Pollutants in Soil.- - Adsorption Mechanisms.- - Ionic Bonding (cation exchange).- - Hydrogen Bonding.- - Charge-Transfer (electron donor-acceptor).- - Covalent Binding.- - Ligand Exchange (cation bridge).- - Dipole-Dipole and Van Der Waals Forces.- - Hydrophobic Adsorption and Partition.- - Solubilization Effects.- - Hydrolysis Catalysis.- - Photosensitization.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Solid-Phase Characteristics and Ion Exchange Phenomena in Natural Permeable Media.- - Physico Chemical Properties at Mineral-Water Interface.- - Soil Constituents and Origin of Charges.- - Inorganic Constituents.- - The Organic and Organo-Mineral Fraction of Soils.- - pH Dependence of Charges.- - Cation Exchange.- - Anion Exchange.- - Cation Exchange Capacity.- - Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange in Natural Permeable Media.- - The Electric Double Layer Model, General Considerations.- - Highly Selective Retention of Cations in Porous Media.- - Specific Retention of Cations in Clay Lattices.- - Selective Ion Exchange Reactions in Zeolites.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Interactions of Toxic Organics with Subsoils Components.- - Physico-Chemical Properties of Organic Contaminants (Solute).- - Relevant Physico-chemical Properties of Mineral Constituents of Subsoils (Sorbent).- - Clays.- - Metal Oxides and Hydroxides.- - Main Physico-Chemical Properties of liquid-phase (Solvent).- - Conclusions.- - References.- Fate of Persistent Organic Compounds in Soil and Water.- - Biotic Reactions in Soil.- - Formation of Conversion Products.- - Total Degradation.- - Abiotic Reactions in Aquatic Systems.- - Direct and Indirect Photolytic Processes in Aquatic Systems.- - Role of Humic Substances, Oxigen, Hydroxy-Radicals and Oxigen Peroxide.- - Properties of Direct Photolysis.- - Conclusion.- - References.- Kinetics and Mechanisms of Environmentally Important Reactions on Soil Colloidal Surfaces.- - Time Scales of Soil Chemical Processes.- - Application of Chemical Kinetics to Soil and Soil Colloidal Systems.- - Analyses of Slow Chemical Reactions on Soil Colloids.- - Kinetics of Rapid Soil Chemical Reactions.- - Kinetics of Environmentally Important Reactions on Soils and Soil Components.- - Anion Adsorption-Desorption Dynamics.- - Ion Exchange Kinetics on Clay Minerals.- - Kinetics and Mechanisms of Cr(III) Oxidation on Mn-oxide.- - Reactions of Organic Contaminants on Clay Surfaces.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Adsorption-Desorption Methodologies and Selected Estimation Techniques for Transport-Modeling Parameters.- - Adsorption-Desorption at Solid-Liquid Interfaces.- - Estimating Adsorption Constants.- - Adsorption Measurements.- - Effects of Adsorbent Preparation.- - Effects of Temperature.- - Stability of Solutes in Solution.- - Effects of Solution pH.- - Effects of Phase Separation and Method of Mixing.- - Selection of a Solid-Liquid Ratio for Ionic Solutes.- - Selection of a Solid-Liquid Ratio for Nonionic Solutes.- - Constant and Variable Solid-Liquid Ratios.- - Determination of Equilibration Time.- - Desorption Measurements.- - Volatilization and Solid-Vapor Partitioning of Organic Chemicals.- - Biodegradation of Organic Solutes: An Example with Trichloroethylene.- - References.- II. Global Propagation Phenomena and Modeling.- Multiphase Contaminants in Natural Permeable Media: Various Modeling Approaches.- - Multiphase Multicomponent Models.- - Application of Multicomponent Approach to a Gasoline Spill Problem.- - Other Compositional Approaches.- - Multiphase Models with Mass Partitioning Between Phases.- - Black Oil Model as Simplification of Compositional Approach.- - Other Approaches.- - Multiphase models with Capillary Effects.- - Water Flow in Unsaturated Soils — Richards’ Equation.- - Fractional Flow Equation of Buckley-Leverett (1942).- - Three Phase Flow with Capillary Effects.- - Solution of Infiltration Equation.- - Sharp Interface Models.- - Formulation of Sharp Interphase Approach.- - Recovery of Established Oil Mound.- - Single Cell Model.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Transport of Linearly Reactive Solutes in Porous Media. Basic Models and Concepts.- - Residence Time Distribution of Mobile Water.- - Dynamics of Linearly Sorbing Aggregate.- - Uniform Aggregate.- - Nested Sorbing Sites.- - Sorbing sites in Series.- - Sorbing Sites in Parallel.- - The First Order Approximation.- - Applications.- - Reactive Solute Transport.- - Conclusions.- - References.- Multicomponent Wave Propagation: the Coherence Principle. an Introduction.- - Wave Equations and Velocities.- - Types of Waves.- - Multiphase Systems.- - Coherence.- - Mathematics.- - Methodology.- - Composition Path Grids.- - Eigenvelocities.- - Composition Routes.- - Distance Time Diagrams.- - Profiles and Histories.- - Applications.- - Example 1. Multicomponent Multiphase Flow: Injection of Surfactants Into Water-Flooded Oil Reservoir.- - Example 2. Precipitation-Dissolution Waves: Erosion of a Precipitate AX by Water Containing Ions A, B and X.- - Other Types of Systems.- - Coherence Versus Method of Characteristics.- - What Wave Theory Offers.- - Glossary of Symbols.- - References.- Propagation of Dissolution-Precipitation Waves in Porous Media.- - Partial Differential Equations for Transport.- - 1D Advection-Diffusion Equation in Dimensionless Form.- - Coupling Advection-Dispersion and Advection-Dispersion-Reaction Equations Through Chemical Reactions.- - Coupling Through Chemical Reactions Described by Local Equilibrium.- - Coupling Through Kinetically Limited Chemical Reactions.- - One-Dimensional Solutions: Dissolution-Precipitation Wave Propagation in Local Equilibrium Systems.- - Example: Dissolution-Precipitation Waves in 1D Local Equilibrium Advective Transport with Constant Boundary Conditions.- - Example: Dissolution-Precipitation Waves in 1D Local Equilibrium Advective Transport with a Step Change in Boundary Conditions at TD =1.- - Example: Dissolution-Precipitation Waves in 1D Local Equilibrium Diffusive Transport with Constant Boundary Conditions.- - Example: Dissolution Precipitation Waves in 1D Advective Transport with Constant Boundary Conditions and One Kinetically Dissolving Mineral.- - Two-Dimensional Solutions: Dissolution-Precipitation Wave Propagation in Local Equilibrium Systems.- - Concluding Remarks.- - References.- Fate of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids: Modeling Surfactants Effects.- - Surfactant Behaviour in Groundwater.- - Theory.- - Results.- - Glossary of Symbols.- - References.- Diffusion, Flow and Fast Reactions in Porous Media.- - Basic Processes Underlying Geochemical Transport Models.- - Equilibrium Problems.- - Kinetics of Reactions with Solids.- - Transport.- - Formulation of governing Equations.- - Solution of Equilibrium Problem.- - Determination of Mineral Sequences.- - Solution of Transport Problem.- - Comparison of Solution Procedures.- - Some Properties of the Programs.- - Pseudo Stationary State Approach.- - Some Related Problems.- - Some analytical Solutions.- - Some Sample Cases.- - Degradation of Concrete.- - Movement of redox and Other Fronts at Pocos de Caldas.- - Discussion and Conclusions.- - Notation.- - References.- Impact of Small-Scale Spatial Variability Upon the Transport of Sorbing Pollutants.- - Models of Spatial Variability.- - Governing Flow and Transport Equations.- - Spatial Moment Analysis.- - Particle Tracking (Lagrangian) Approach.- - Deterministic Velocity Field.- - Spatial Random Velocity Field.- - Linear Reversible Sorption Kinetics.- - Homogeneous Soil Column.- - Randomly Heterogeneous Hydraulic Conductivity with Uniform Reaction Parameters.- - Deviations from Local Equilibrium.- - Spatially Variable Reaction Parameters.- - Large-Time Asymptotic Results.- - References.- Numerical Modeling of Contaminant Transport in Groundwater.- - Basic equations.- - Reactive Solutes.- - Local Sorption Equilibrium.- - Lack of Local Sorption Equilibrium.- - Column and Field Experiments Examples.- - Coupled Processes (Flow and Transport).- - Solution by Finite Elements.- - Efficient Solution Schemes.- - Solution with Full Coupling.- - Solution with Partial Coupling.- - Uncoupled Solution.- - Illustrative Examples.- - Transport with Dual Porosity Model.- - Coupled Flow and Transport for a Passive Contaminant.- - Conclusions.- - References.- III. Specific Problems and Applications.- Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater.- - Techniques of Groundwater Recharge.- - Groundwater Recharge by Surface Spreading.- - Direct Injection to Goundwater.- - Pretreatment for Groundwater Recharge.- - Wastewater treatment of Greater Agadir, Morocco.- - Groundwater Recharge in the Water Resources Planning in Southern California.- - Recharge Operation.- - Source and Recharge Water.- - Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater.- - Particulate Contaminants.- - Dissolved Inorganic and Organic Contaminants.- - Pathogen Removal.- - Guidelines for Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Wastewater.- - Proposed California Groundwater Recharge Criteria.- - Microbiological Considerations.- - Trace Organics Removal.- - Inorganic Chemicals.- - Cost of Pretreatment and Groundwater Recharge.- - Summary and Conclusions.- - References.- Dispersion of Contaminants from Landfill Operations.- - Evolution of Barriers Between Landfill and Groundwater.- - Groundwater Pollution from Landfills and Other Sources.- - Critical Processes for Metal Mobilization from Wastes.- - Long Term Metal release from Industrial Solid Waste.- - Long Term Metal Release from Municipal Solid Waste.- - Acid-Producing Potential of Solid Waste Materials.- - Final Storage of Solid Waste.- - Chemical Stability of Bottom Ash Monofills.- - Chemical Stabilization of Industrial Waste Material.- - Storage Under Permanent Anoxic Conditions.- - References.- Risk Analysis of Groundwater Contamination.- - Uncertainties in Aquifer Contamination Studies.- - Risk Assessment by Mathematical Modeling.- - Groundwater Hydrodynamics.- - Solute Transport and Random Walks.- - Application to the Campaspe Valley.- - The Study Area.- - Results of Simulation.- - Discussion and conclusions.- - References.- Migration of Radionuclides in Natural Porous Media the Chernobyl Case.- - General Characteristics of Accident Region.- - General Characteristics of Accident.- - Amount and Radionuclide Composition of Chernobyl’s Release.- - Characteristics of External Irradiation.- - ? and ? Emitters.- - Physical and Chemical Forms of Radionuclides.- - Vertical Migration of Radionuclides.- - References.