Migration and Entrepreneurship in the Global Context: Case Studies, Processes and Practices

ISBN-13: 9783031340666 / Angielski

Denis Hyams-Ssekasi; Eirini Daskalaki

Spis treści

PART 1: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. Liability of newness: Challenges faced by the immigrant entrepreneurs - A systematic review
2. Immigrant entrepreneurship: An international perspective

3.      Design thinking: A methodology of entrepreneurial development for immigrant entrepreneurs

 

PART 2: MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS IN WORLD ECONOMY

4.      Migrants’ entrepreneurship in Iceland; Social context, challenges and drivers

1. The role of entrepreneurship in economic development: Prospects and challenges of immigrant entrepreneurship in Nepal
Cultural integration and entrepreneurship: A case study of Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs
2. Reassessing the journeys of migrant entrepreneurs in the hospitality industry. A cross-cultural perspective

8.      Migrant Entrepreneurs: How successful are migrant entrepreneurs in host countries? Understanding the challenges facing migrant entrepreneurs opening Small and Medium Enterprises in the UK

 

 

 

PART 3: GENDER MIGRATION AND ENTERPISE

Migrant women’s entrepreneurship in an island context: Intersectionality and translocational frame

Gendered entrepreneurship and immigrant inclusion: Filipino migrant women in food business in Tokyo, Japan

PART 4: ENTREPRENEURSHIP MIGRATION IN EUROPE

1. The road towards successful migrant integration: How can the European Union open its doors to migrant entrepreneurship?
2. Cultural integration and entrepreneurship in Europe. Exploring the impact of diversity on entrepreneurial activities?
3. To be or not to be a samsar. Understanding motivations for entrepreneurship among returnee transnational entrepreneurs with used vehicles in Romania
Migrants as change agents of entrepreneurship education. A study in the German context

PART 5: FAMILY BUSINESS IN MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. Staying with it. The impact of family business ownership for African migration entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom
2. Diaspora entrepreneurial learning in the family entrepreneurial team: learning as a social collectivity in the midst of host and home countries

ABSTRACTS

PART 1: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

This part explores the theories underpinning international migration entrepreneurship. It focuses on the challenges migrant entrepreneurs face when they flee from their home countries and the motivations for exploiting the business ventures. This is achieved by utilising systematic approaches and by using behavioral and cognitive psychology.

Chapter 1: Liability of newness: Challenges faced by the immigrant entrepreneurs - A systematic review

Immigrant entrepreneurs are increasingly popular and a critical force for the economic development of many countries (Aliaga-Isla & Rialp, 2013; Dheer, 2018). The threat of early failure is known as the ‘liability of newness’ a term coined 56 years ago by researcher Stinchcombe (1965), who laid the theoretical framework for organizational mortality. But the concept is just as relevant today as it was in 1965, and is something that life immigrant entrepreneurs must confront head-on. People cross borders from their home countries in search of green meadows in the host countries. However, literature highlights that many immigrant entrepreneurs are forced into self-employment due to difficulty finding suitable occupations relevant to their qualifications and experiences (Malerba & Ferreira, 2021). In addition, migrant entrepreneurs face numerous challenges of business execution, specially the pre-start-up and start-up stage in the host country (Hack-Polay et al., 2020; Hamid, 2020). Even though some studies have been conducted to identify the challenges of experiencing migrant entrepreneurs in various contexts individually, a systematic review study is lacking in this domain. In order to meet the research and knowledge, this book chapter devotes to a systematic review of challenges faced by immigrant entrepreneurs. It is imperative to conduct a systematic review as it comprehensively understands the challenges experienced by immigrant entrepreneurs in the world. The review consists of the articles collected from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar published from 2011 to 2021. Further, this book chapter will provide future research directions based on the analysis. 

Keywords: Challenges, Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Liability Newness, Systematic Review

Chapter 2: Immigrant entrepreneurship: An international perspective

From a global perspective, currently many people are permanently on the move, being international migration a key feature of modern open society (Kourtit, Nijkamp & Stough, 2011). Thus, immigrant entrepreneurs are individuals who, as recent arrivals in the country, start businesses as a mean of economic survival (Butler and Greene, 1997; Vinogradov, 2008). At the grass root level, many individuals may decide to leave the country due to fact the fragmented market in their own country, political uncertainty, and limited resources (Agyeman, 2021; Euwals et al., 2007; Mihi-Ramirez, & Kumpikaite, 2014). However, this study challenges the conventional reasons why individuals depart from their country of origin to engage in entrepreneurship in a country foreign to them. Therefore, this chapter draws on theories derived from behavioural psychology, cognitive theories of psychology, humanistic psychology, personality psychology and social psychology to understand the root causes. The methodological approach adopted in this chapter involves a deductive approach using case studies (Yin, 2017) with information elicited from the cases and secondary data analysed in Fishbone diagrams to identify and link key themes. Individual cases will be drawn from North American, Europe, Pakistan, and Oceania. 

Keywords: Migrant Entrepreneurs, Reasons, Behavioural Psychology, Economy

Chapter 3: Design thinking: A methodology of entrepreneurial development for immigrant entrepreneurs

Globally, immigration is increasing at a rapid pace. According to the 2010 Census, non-European ethnic groups made up 37.9 percent of the American population; this figure is predicted to reach 48 percent by 2030. On the other hand, the non-immigrant population is predicted to rise at a slower pace of 4% to 12% throughout the same timeframe. Due to the continual increase in the immigrant population and the resulting variety in the marketplace, notably in North America, Europe, and Australia, immigrant entrepreneurship has exploded in popularity and profoundly affected the global economy. However, the immigrant entrepreneurial environment is replete with culturally different, conflicting expectations and conventions that shape how ethnic entrepreneurs interact with mainstream markets. As a result, cultural influences on immigrants’ industrial marketing are gaining increasing attention. These influences include ethnic marketing entrepreneurship, supply chain management, network capability development, buyer-seller relationships, and ethnic, financial cushion. Recent study performed a comprehensive review of 514 articles and identified six major themes in the available literature in this domain: (1) motivations and entrepreneurial intentions, (2) competencies and identity development, (3) ethnic networks, (4) strategies and internationalisation, (5) resources, and (6) intercultural relations. This literature review demonstrates the need of using a holistic and contextualised approach while studying immigrant entrepreneurship. This chapter focuses on improving the competence of immigrant entrepreneurs. 

Entrepreneurship plays a critical role in the strengthening and development of any economy. However, the risks associated with entrepreneurial ventures discourage people worldwide, especially immigrant entrepreneurs, from embarking upon their entrepreneurial journey. Design Thinking has emerged as a methodology that allows entrepreneurs to adopt a human-centered approach to counter the risks associated with entrepreneurial development and ventures. This is specifically useful for immigrant entrepreneurs as Design Thinking allows them to better understand the needs, wants, desires and demands of the end-user. Additionally, this methodology also acts as an excellent tool for feasibility analysis, thus reducing the risk of losing the investment which may have a stronger and deeper impact on immigrant families than others. 

Design thinking is used as a central methodology to promote entrepreneurial skills. Herbert A. Simon was the first to write about design as a science or style of thinking in his book “Sciences of the Artificial” (1969). The term “Design Thinking” was later coined by Tim Brown to describe a human-centered and innovative approach to complicated and messy problems. Design thinking is a dramatically different approach to entrepreneurial development than what is taught in conventional management books.  The traditional analytical approach towards entrepreneurial development (and problem-solving, in general) stresses strategic planning, resources or objectives optimization, and predefined matrices.  The traditional approach is ideal when the team understands the issue; historical facts are accessible; and the future is predictable. On the other side, design thinking is suitable in complicated situations, where humans are the central evaluator of the “goodness” of the solution. Design thinking’s methodology and approaches help in learning and grasping the problem quickly while also enabling user-testing. Design thinking works best when decision-makers discover that the available data is unlikely to be of much value; when numerous unknowns exist, team members face different conundrums (Liedtka, Ogilvie, & Brozenske, 2014). These issues are pertinent and prevalent to immigrant entrepreneurs in their business ventures in every field. The design thinking process unravels hidden human needs and problems and likelihood of producing user-oriented products is greatly enhanced, which encourages immigrant entrepreneurs to better understand differences in culture and eventually launch products or services desired in their new home country. 

 

Keywords: Design Thinking, Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial ventures; Entrepreneurial Development, Problem-solving, Migrants

 

PART 2: MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS IN WORLD ECONOMY

This part discusses how migrant entrepreneurial activities are contributing to the economic growth of the host countries. It reveals the favorable and unfavorable circumstances as well as socio-cultural issues experienced in their endeavors to become entrepreneurs in the diaspora. This is showcased using qualitative research and case studies from countries such as: Nigeria, Iceland, Nepal, Cyprus and the United Kingdom.

Chapter 4: Migrants’ entrepreneurship in Iceland; social context, challenges and drivers

Migrants’ contribution to economic activities and job creation is an important research area. Attention must be paid to social contextual factors, ethnic milieu, and individual drivers for entrepreneurial endeavors. The aim is to expand the understanding of contextual factors that migrant entrepreneurs face, and to reveal the impact of volatility in a small economy as well as the influence of cooperative network initiatives on their experiences. Entrepreneurs start new ventures and are proactive, oriented towards risk taking and innovation (Azmat, 2010) and migrants tend to show greater entrepreneurial orientation (Aliaga-Isla & Rialp, 2013). The key drivers for migrant entrepreneurship have been identified as necessity and opportunity (Clark & Drinkwater, 2000; Dheer, 2018). Social and structural inequalities that migrants face in the labor market push them towards self-employment (Jafari-Sadeghi, 2020), and lack of employment, or underemployment in jobs that do not fit their experience or identity, is often one of the primary motivators for migrants’ entrepreneurship or self-employment (Munkejord, 2017a, 2017b). Opportunities may arise from migrants’ ethnic background and milieu, even fueled by co-ethnic demand (Hedberg & Petterson, 2012). Opportunities may arise from the ability to provide what a disadvantaged area may lack as the importance of migrants to local rural economies attests (Søholt et al., 2018). Migrants’ entrepreneurship drivers most likely are constituted by a combination of these and other factors (Kloosterman, 2010).  Migration to Iceland has continued to grow over the last two decades, despite economic downturns, and migrants are 15.2% of the population (Statistics Iceland, 2020). Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted with migrant entrepreneurs who have started their own business. The interviews will be analyzed through phenomenological methodology to obtain insights and understanding of the entrepreneurs' lived experience of disadvantaged social standing, barriers and inequities. 

Keywords: Challenges, Migrant Entrepreneurship, Inequalities, Opportunities

References

          

        

Chapter 5: The role of entrepreneurship in economic development: Prospects and challenges of immigrant entrepreneurship in Nepal

Entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute significantly to the growth of national economies. It is especially true in the case of developing economies like Nepal. However, they face numerous challenges while operating their businesses. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the relationship between immigrant entrepreneurship and economic development in Nepal. Hence, the prominent question is: What role do immigrant entrepreneurs owners play in Nepal’s economic development? In this study, there is assessment of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development through both theoretical and empirical analysis. There is also equivalent significance made to address the importance of the various roles of immigrant business owners to the Nepalese economy. Therefore, the authors will also include the organizational structure and operation policies of some immigrant entrepreneurs’ companies and deliver readers with the current opportunities and threats that they encounter in fostering economic growth in Nepal.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Economic development, Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Nepal, Prospects and Challenges

Chapter 6: Cultural integration and entrepreneurship: A case study of Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs

The differences in cultural pattern do influence entrepreneurial practices in different countries which is why cultural integration is often adopted mostly by migrant entrepreneurs as a survival tool (El Kahal, 2012). Cultural integration relates to when people from a different culture adopt the essence of another culture which includes ceremonies and attributes but still maintain their own culture (Ajekwe, 2016). This is often adopted by migrant entrepreneurs as a survival skill. Hence, understanding the national culture is essential to analyse how each country values and rewards behaviours that promote entrepreneurship. The Nigerian culture has strong beliefs and attributes which are often inculcated into the entrepreneurial behaviours of Nigerian migrants (Chukwuma-Nwuba, 2018). Thus, this paper aims to study the cultural integration process of Nigerian migrant entrepreneurs in England.

The paper therefore aims to achieve the following aims:

●          A critical review of the cultural interchange between the Nigerian culture and the English culture.

●         The influence of the Nigerian-English cultural interchange on the entrepreneurship practice of Nigerian migrants’ entrepreneurs in England.

To facilitate an in-depth understanding of the cultural integration among Nigerian migrants’ entrepreneurs in England, a qualitative research approach would be integrated in this study. A one-to-one semi-structured interview would be conducted, this approach would be used to assess the perceptions of Nigerian business owners on entrepreneurship in England with respect to the cultural integration. This study would only recruit participants born in Nigeria and have immigrated to England from Nigeria within the last five years. This study would be carried out in England. Participants would be selected randomly from London and Manchester, as both cities are known to exert considerable influence upon the commerce, finance and economy of England.

Keywords: Culture, Entrepreneurship, Nigeria, Africa, Business, Migrant

Chapter 7: Reassessing the journeys of migrant entrepreneurs in the hospitality industry. A cross-cultural perspective

More and more highly skilled and business migrants are entering the Western and non-Western countries to search for opportunities and some of them end up becoming entrepreneurs in the hospitality industry. This happens because the hospitality industry creates many employment opportunities across different areas. Migrant entrepreneurs stand more chances to encounter socio-cultural issues during their adjustment in their host country as they have to deal with a variety of behaviors, attitudes and values which might differ from the ones they hold either in their personal or professional life. A great number of anthropologists view entrepreneurship as well as other financial activities as cultural processes because there is the need for special attention to social and cultural factors which contribute to the establishment of a new business (Greenfield and Strickon, 1986; Stewart, 1991). Using qualitative semi-structured interviews from different countries (Cyprus, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and Maldives), this chapter presents and analyses the lived experiences of migrant entrepreneurs and how they cope with business, cultural and social challenges. There is a strong connection between socio-cultural factors and entrepreneurship; even though society and culture can be seen as separate elements from political, social, technological and educational environments, they are interrelated. The case studies will explore how culture and society have the capacity to define the economic behavior and the economic activities of migrant entrepreneurs since they have the power to influence either positively or negatively their entrepreneurial performance and development.

Keywords: Socio-cultural, Migrants, Adjustment, Society, Culture, Entrepreneurship

PART 3: GENDER MIGRATION AND ENTERPRISE

This part describes the lived experiences of genders of migrant entrepreneurs. It unravels the impact brought up by gender in business. It points out the challenges they face in their entrepreneurial journey, type of skills required, stereotypes and cross-cultural exchanges between locals and migrants. This creates more gender issues which often times remain unchallenged.

Chapter 8: Migrant women’s entrepreneurship in an island context: Intersectionality and translocational frame

The number of migrants in Iceland has grown rapidly in recent years, as has their representation in the various areas of the labor market and the economy.  Research is lacking on the entrepreneurial activities of migrants, and in particular, on migrant women’s entrepreneurship; migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs) are rendered invisible since the gender dimensions tend to be ignored in the migrant entrepreneurship literature and the migrant dimensions in the gendered entrepreneurship literature (Collins & Low, 2010). A review of studies has shown that this important area is understudied and more focus is needed on the interaction of the specific context of each country and the ethnic origin of the migrants (Chreim et al., 2018). Moreover, while it is important to uncover and understand the intersectionality of barriers (Crenshaw,1991; Lassalle & Shaw, 2021) that women face because of their gender and migrant background, it is also important to explore how their background and context may function as enabler for entrepreneurial activities (Azmat, 2013). The motivators for entrepreneurship, both the push and pull factors must be considered. The context of a small island economy such as Iceland can shed light on the experiences of migrants with limited resources as outsiders on the one hand, and their transnational resources on the other. Applying a translocational lens that foregrounds the context of power and social hierarchy (Anthias, 2012) to migrant women’s experiences of entrepreneurship in Iceland, we aim to shed light on the intersectionality of constraints, motivators and agency in their journey towards creating economic opportunities for themselves. In this phenomenological study we interview 12 migrant women entrepreneurs to seek understanding of their lived experiences as entrepreneurs. By highlighting the intersectionality of barriers as well as their agency in sourcing strength from their transnationality in an island context we contribute to the migrant entrepreneurship literature.

Keywords: Gender, Entrepreneurship, Migrant Background, Translocational, Motivation

 

Chapter 9: Gendered entrepreneurship and immigrant inclusion: Filipino migrant women in food business in Tokyo, Japan

Filipino women migrating to Japan since the 1970s for entertainment work and marriage have feminized the migration from the Philippines, and have led to the formation of marriages and families, as well as communities in multicultural Japan.  Another enduring outcome of the migration and settlement of Filipino women in Japan is the emergence of Filipino ethnic restaurants and food stores that have permitted simultaneously the transnational sourcing of food ingredients, traditional recipes and cultural practices between Japan and the Philippines, as well as social inclusion through preparing, consuming and feeding co-ethnics and Japanese locals. These processes are not linear and devoid of tensions. Transnationalizing some entrepreneurial activities entails outsource both family ties and food materials in the Philippines, while seeking affiliation with immediate locality in Tokyo which can be a site of difference, marginalization, and ambivalence in the status of one’s ethnic store or restaurant. Building on long-duration ethnography on Filipino immigrant women in Tokyo, the proposed chapter looks into their role and contributions in the emergence of Filipino ethnic food stores and restaurants, as a key sector of gendered entrepreneurship. It suggests that the gendered nature of their business is tied to the feminized trend of migration from the Philippines. As purveyors of transnational and cross-cultural exchanges, these women venture in the food business as one of the spaces that facilitate migrant inclusion, creating everyday socio-cultural interactions that may shape Japanese and other non-Japanese co-residents’ attitudes toward and relationships with Filipino migrants in urban Japan.

Keywords: Migrants, Marriage, Family, Gender, Entrepreneurship, Restaurants and Food Stores

PART 4: ENTREPRENEURSHIP MIGRATION IN EUROPE

This part analyses that Europe needs to enrich and improve it’s agenda on migrant integration as a way to promote entrepreneurship. There is an uneven distribution of entrepreneurial opportunities in major European capitalised countries in certain sectors. All the above are explored using literature reviews of the last few years and case studies.

Chapter 10: The road towards successful migrant integration: How can the European Union open its doors to migrant entrepreneurship?

Labor mobility is not a recent socio-economic, cultural, educational and political phenomenon which concerns only Europe but it concerns all the world. The theoretical context around the rationale of why an EU strategy on integration and inclusion should be on the EU's agenda is based on the growing number of migrants in Europe and the barriers they are facing in personal and professional life in their attempt to adjust to a new country. The current situation that migrants found themselves in, proves that the European Union has not successfully addressed issues around integration and this affects not only migrants but also the host communities in terms of development, innovation and entrepreneurship. It is estimated that migrants make up 4% (22 million) of the EU’s population facing a number of obstacles in the sectors of education, employment and access to a variety of services (i.e health) at the same time there is no cooperation between the job market and the employment of migrants; according to the latest statistics 40% of employers are facing issues of staff shortages and recruitment because they cannot find employees with the required skills (European Commission, 2021). Using a qualitative analysis, this study focuses on the review of the literature of the past 10 years. The findings suggest that European Member States have not managed yet to coordinate specific actions targeting the employment of migrants in host communities and their entrepreneurship intentions. This chapter unravels the Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan and the new EU Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion 2021-2027. It analyses and discusses strategic plans to promote and facilitate migrant entrepreneurship. It concludes that integration and inclusion are major prerequisites for the economic development and growth of host communities. It further argues that ignoring provision of certain incentives and the establishment of favorable conditions will deter migrants from getting involved in entrepreneurship.

Keywords: European Union, Migrant Integration, Inclusion, Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan

Chapter 11: Cultural integration and entrepreneurship in Europe. Exploring the impact of diversity on entrepreneurial activities?

This chapter aims to explore the relationship between knowledge, cultural diversity and various entrepreneurial outcomes across Europe during 2019 - 2021. The chapter aims to demonstrate that the mechanism of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship is contextual and contend that cultural diversity and knowledge have differential impact on entrepreneurial outcomes across various countries in Europe. It is believed that major cities with high cultural diversity provide more opportunities for entrepreneurship in specific sectors and industries where technology and knowledge play a more crucial role. Literature suggests that in technology-based sectors there is a significant decline in employment. However, in cities where cultural diversity is moderately high (London, Paris etc), this effect is counteracted by an increase in demand for skilful and IT literate labour that is certainly more concentrated in culturally diverse contexts.  Such regions are regarded nowadays to be critical and defining drivers of economic development and change with urban regions as the main nodes in the global economy (Malecki 2007). Innovation and entrepreneurial mindset are certainly increasingly seen as the key factors defining their future growth pathways. There are implications for regional, national and international entrepreneurs and respective economies. The chapter aims to explore such implications and provide practical recommendations. We aim to explore and better understand the dynamic relationship between diversity, innovation, entrepreneurship, and regional development, critically examine current literature and generate ideas for future research on entrepreneurship, innovation and diversity at various levels.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Diversity, Cultural Integration, Europe, Innovation

Chapter 13: To be or not to be a samsar. Understanding motivations for entrepreneurship among returnee transnational entrepreneurs with used vehicles in Romania

This chapter aims to understand how the decision to establish a new business endeavour is created and whether the main motives for entering the trade with used cars are necessity-driven, opportunity-driven, or have a mixt motivation. In doing so, it uses 50 semi-structured interviews conducted with return migrants involved in the trade with used cars in Romania. Distinguishing between various types of entrepreneurs’ motivation deserves closer attention for a number of reasons. First, the typology can be very important when discussing the impact of migrant entrepreneurship on the country’s development/transformation/social change (Kelly 2020; Faist 2008). For instance, the existing research suggests that the opportunity-driven entrepreneurs are more likely to have bigger companies, to employ more people, to have access to more socio-economic resources, or to foster economic development (Croitoru 2019; von Bloh et al. 2018). Second, opportunity or necessity-driven entrepreneurs were found to unfold different business management strategies in conducting their companies. Thus, opportunity led entrepreneurs seem to be more likely to own longer surviving companies, to positively impact their business sustainability on the long run but also to have higher aspiration levels (Klagge and Klein-Hitpaß 2010; Barjaba 2018). Third, even though the question of why migrants enter into entrepreneurship was often raised in the so called developed countries context (Lundberg and Rehnfors 2018), there is still a need for more empirical studies dealing with entrepreneurial motivations in developing countries, such as Romania. Fourth, the majority of these studies on entrepreneurial motives among migrants are mostly dealing with within the same country contexts (Landolt et al., 1999; Portes et al., 2002). In contrast to that legacy, this research attempts to look at entrepreneurial motivations among Romanian transnational entrepreneurs involved in the trade used vehicles, who by definition operate across country borders. In this way, the research further explores the relationship between push and pull factors across countries rather than within the same country. Nevertheless, working with these categories can also be important when drafting or evaluating public policies especially if one considers the great expectations many governments have from their migrants and returnees in fostering socio-economic development (Croitoru 2020).  

Keywords: Trade, motivations, returnee transnational entrepreneurs, cars

Chapter 14: Migrants as change agents of entrepreneurship education. A study in the German context

BioNTech, Delivery Hero, Gorillas are just a few examples of successful German companies whose founders are highly qualified and are venturesome migrants. According to the latest data in Germany “the number of people employed in companies whose owners have a migrant background grew by 50 percent between 2005 and 2018 from around one million to around 1.5 million. Overall economic employment - which includes the jobs created as well as employers: in and sole proprietorships grew from 1.55 million to 2.27 million people” (Bertellsmann, 2020). Furthermore, individuals with a migration background launch one in five startups in Germany (Bathke, 2021). Thus, migration to Germany has not only triggered stronger economic growth and has caused an increase in jobs but also has a consequence for entrepreskills. Based on that, migrants should also be able to take courses in business in order to acquire entrepreneurial knowledge. For example, by learning about how to do tax returns and book-keeping can offer a better understanding for a legal and administrative framework in the respective country. Such programmes make migrants more self-confident to use their potential to become entrepreneurs, but also to share their personal experiences with others from which also non-migrant entrepreneurs can benefit. Education programmes in a multicultural environment should also help migrants to build strong relationships and achieve a high level of trust. It involves linking migrants to local social networks. This approach leads to high community engagement and also raises the awareness for the importance of social networking when entering entrepreneurship. When social capital is transferred among migrants, it is intended to improve everyone’s chance of becoming successful entrepreneurs. Therefore, other entrepreneurs can learn from this that mutual support is essential to achieve sustainable development of their business (Bizri, 2017).

Keywords: Migration, Germany, Employees, Entrepreneurship, Education, Multicultural

PART 5: FAMILY BUSINESS IN MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP

This part analyses the reasons why the migrant entrepreneurs indulge in family businesses. It points out the negative effects migrants experience in the host country. Due to the challenges encountered migrants are compelled to get involved in the family business with a view to support the families and challenge the status quo.

Chapter 15: Staying with it. The impact of family business ownership for African migration entrepreneurship in the UK

Family businesses provide a multi-dimensional perspective to the globe economy. Such businesses are perceived as a major source of labour, economic flexibility and growth and have a potential to survive over a long period of time. Studies on family owned businesses point out that survival and longevity is based on success and performance. Kalleberg and Leicht (1991) concur that business survival and successes depend entirely on the business output. However, other actors in the home-owned businesses point to age, size, location (Storey and Wynarzsyk, 1996. Rowe et al., 1993) as key factors for survival. This study acknowledges that from the outset family businesses embark on small trades and these are passed from one generation to another but there is a break in the cycle when people migrate. Migrants, especially those that have been in family-owned business tend to embrace entrepreneurship in host countries. Basu (2004) argues that the first foreign business entrepreneurs in the UK were from the Indian and East African Asian communities and fundamentally migrated for educational reasons. Through qualitative analysis this study explores the factors that influence migrant entrepreneurs. It unravels the socio-economic and cultural features of migrant entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that through their struggle to survive, migrants are compelled to be entrepreneurial, to fend for their lives and to practice strong business acumen though in a different format. In some instances, there is a continuity with the family business despite the relocation in another country. In this respect, it takes them a little while to settle down before re-establishing their home business in their new location. Nevertheless, the African migrant entrepreneurs are by no means a homogeneous group. The study concludes that despite the considerable misgivings, global social challenges, negative connotations and dehumanization which impacts on the migrants in the host country, migration entrepreneurship plays an important role in supporting the positive economic development and some hunger for success in the host country.

Keywords: Migration, Family Business, Entrepreneurship, Economy, Culture

O autorze

Dr Denis Hyams-Ssekasi is a Director of Studies and Programme Leader in Business Administration at the University of Bolton, UK. Denis has a keen interest in Entrepreneurship and Enterprise. He has developed and delivered modules on entrepreneurship, ran several mentoring schemes and offered consultancy to start-up businesses, especially in developing countries. He has edited several books including: Experiential Learning for Entrepreneurship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); Technology and Entrepreneurship Education: Adopting Creative Digital Approaches to Learning and Teaching (Palgrave, 2022); Entrepreneurship and Change: Understanding Entrepreneurialism as a Driver of Transformation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022). He is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and a member of the Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.

Dr Eirini Daskalaki is the Deputy Director for Academic Affairs at Metropolitan College, Crete Campus, Greece. Eirini has an established career in leadership and management in a variety of international institutions and has delivered Entrepreneurship in hospitality to different levels. She often acts as a reviewer for highly recognised journals and book publishers. Her areas of research are: intercultural communication in the hospitality sector and Human Resource Management related fields such as training and development, international recruitment as well as diversity. Her latest work is on entrepreneurship and innovation within the hospitality industry featured in the book Entrepreneurship and Change: Understanding Entrepreneurialism as a Driver of Transformation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022).

Blurb

Presenting a collection of case studies on immigrant and migrant entrepreneurship, this book offers an understanding of the phenomenon as a creation of a distinctive labor market that leads to innovation, productivity, and economic growth. As such, it contributes to SDG 8: 'Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.'

Reflecting on the increasing interest in the subject, contributors provide new perspectives of migrants in diaspora, thus offering a better grasp of lived experiences. Chapters explore the common adversities that immigrant entrepreneurs face, such as the lack of knowledge in terms of operations of the host country market, dealing with unfair treatment, and the subsequent challenge of building long term relationships with locals.  Focusing on individual migrant entrepreneurship cases and the recurrent challenges that such entrepreneurs encounter, many of the chapters are written by academics who are migrants with entrepreneurial experiences, which brings a unique insight into the topic.

Exploring issues such as gender and enterprise, family business, and entrepreneurial activities, this distinctive collection provides a comprehensive overview of varied experiences of migrant entrepreneurs in both developed and developing countries.

Dr Denis Hyams-Ssekasi is a Director of Studies at the University of Bolton, UK. Denis has a keen interest in Entrepreneurship and enterprise. He has developed and delivered modules on entrepreneurship and offered consultancy to start-up businesses especially in developing countries. He has also edited several books on entrepreneurship. He is a member of the Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.

Dr Eirini Daskalaki is the Deputy Director for Academic Affairs at Metropolitan College, Crete Campus, Greece. Eirini has an established career in leadership and management in a variety of international institutions and has delivered Entrepreneurship in hospitality to different levels. Her areas of research are: intercultural communication and HRM related fields such as training and development, international recruitment and diversity.