Microcluster Physics

ISBN-13: 9783642637933 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 236 str.

Satoru Sugano; Hiroyasu Koizumi

Opis

Microcluster Physics provides a lucid account of the fundamental physics of all types of microclusters, outlining the dynamics and static properties of this new phase of matter intermediate between a solid and a molecule. Since originally published in 1991, the field of microclusters has experienced surprising developments, which are reviewed in this new edition: The determination of atomic structure, spontaneous alloying, super-shell, fission, fragmentation, evaporation, magnetism, fullerenes, nanotubes, atomic structure of large silicon clusters, superfluidity of a He cluster, water clusters in liquid, electron correlation and optimizsation of the geometry, and scattering.

Spis treści

1. What are Microclusters?.- 1.1 Constituent Small Particles of Material.- 1.2 Division of the Materials.- 1.2.1 Fine Particles.- 1.2.2 Microclusters.- 1.2.3 Molecules.- 1.3 Shell Periodicity of Atomic Structure.- 1.3.1 Fundamental Polyhedra.- 1.3.2 Magic Numbers due to Atomic Shells.- 2. Dynamics of Atomic Structure.- 2.1 Solid-like, Liquid-like, or Fluctuating?.- 2.1.1 Naive Questions.- 2.1.2 Atomic Structure of Adsorbed Microclusters.- 2.2 Coexistence of Solid-like and Liquid-like Phases.- 2.3 Fluctuating States and Permutation Isomers.- 2.3.1 The Case of N = 6.- 2.3.2 The Case of N = 7.- 2.3.3 Fluctuation in Large Clusters.- 2.4 Monte-Carlo Simulations.- 2.4.1 Lennard-Jones Clusters Constrained to Spherical Cavities.- 2.4.2 Transition-Metal Clusters of N = 7÷17.- 2.4.3 Effect of Magnetic Interactions.- 2.5 Spontaneous Alloying.- 3. Shell Structure of Metal Clusters.- 3.1 Magic Numbers.- 3.2 The Jellium Model.- 3.2.1 Electronic Structure of NaN Clusters.- 3.2.2 Spin Polarization and the Formation of Multiplets.- 3.2.3 Nonspherical Perturbation.- 3.3 Theory of Shell Correction.- 3.3.1 Essence of the Theory.- 3.3.2 Shell Correction for the Harmonic-Oscillator Model.- 3.3.3 Smoothed-Level Density.- 3.3.4 Liquid-Drop Model for Charged Metal Clusters.- 3.4 Deformation.- 3.4.1 Application of the Shell-Correction Theory.- 3.4.2 Fine Structures of Mass Spectra and Other Properties.- 3.5 Fission.- 3.5.1 Stability of a Charged Liquid Drop.- 3.5.2 Shell-Correction Calculation for Fission.- 3.6 Shell Structure in Large Metal Clusters.- 3.6.1 Einstein-Brillouin-Keller Quantization of Electronic Motion.- 3.6.2 Supershell Oscillation.- 3.6.3 The Atomic Shell.- 4. Other Properties of Metal Clusters.- 4.1 Non-Empirical Calculation of Alkali-Metal Clusters.- 4.1.1 Generalization of Hellmann-Feynman Forces.- 4.1.2 Geometries Calculated.- 4.1.3 Comparison with Experiments.- 4.1.4 The Nature of Binding.- 4.2 Electronic Structure of Noble-Metal Clusters.- 4.2.1 Energy Levels of Copper Clusters.- 4.2.2 Photoelectron Spectra of a Copper Cluster.- 4.3 Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal Clusters.- 4.3.1 Stern-Gerlach’s Experiment.- 4.3.2 Superparamagnetism and Locked-Moment Magnetism.- 4.4 Oscillatory Magnetic Moments of Nickel Clusters.- 4.4.1 Atomic Shell Model.- 4.4.2 Electronic Shell Model.- 4.5 Divalent-Metal Clusters.- 4.6 Trivalent-Metal Clusters, AlN.- 4.6.1 Observed Properties.- 4.6.2 Nonempirical Calculation of Al2-Al6.- 5. Semiconductor Clusters.- 5.1 Carbon Clusters.- 5.1.1 Magic Numbers and Stability.- 5.1.2 Fullerenes; Cage-Type Carbon Clusters.- 5.1.3 Nanotubes.- 5.1.4 Solid C60 and Alkali Fullerides.- 5.2 Stabilities of Silicon and Germanium Clusters.- 5.2.1 Photofragmentation of Mass-Resolved Si2+-Si12+.- 5.2.2 Photofragmentation of Larger Silicon and Germanium Clusters.- 5.2.3 Highly Ionized Germanium Clusters.- 5.3 Nonempirical Calculations for Si6 and Si10.- 5.3.1 Equilibrium Geometries.- 5.3.2 Energy Levels.- 5.3.3 Density Distribution for Electrons.- 5.4 Force and Vidal Analysis of Larger Silicon Clusters.- 5.4.1 Six-Membered-Ring Clusters.- 5.4.2 Triangle Contraction.- 5.5 Recent Nonempirical Calculations for Large Silicon Clusters.- 6. Rare-Gas Clusters.- 6.1 The Magic Numbers for Packing.- 6.1.1 Xenon Clusters.- 6.1.2 Argon Clusters.- 6.2 Helium Clusters.- 6.2.1 Magic Numbers.- 6.2.2 Nonempirical Calculation.- 6.2.3 Superfluidity.- 7. Molecular Clusters.- 7.1 Photoionization of Ammonia Clusters.- 7.2 Ion-Centered Cage Structure.- 7.2.1 Magic Numbers for Water Clusters.- 7.2.2 Monte-Carlo Calculations.- 7.3 Water Clusters.- 7.3.1 The Hydrogen-Bond Network in Liquid Water.- 7.3.2 Small Water Clusters.- 7.4 Negatively Charged Water Clusters.- 7.4.1 Solvated Electrons.- 7.4.2 Trapping of Electrons.- 7.4.3 Theoretical Treatments.- 7.5 Electron Attachment to van der Waals Clusters.- 7.5.1 Electron Transfer from High-Rydberg Rare-Gas Atoms.- 7.5.2 The Strongly-Coupled Electron-Phonon Model.- 8. Chemical Bonds and Related Topics.- 8.1 Effects of Electron Correlation, and the Optimization of Geometry on Magnetism.- 8.1.1 Hubbard Hamiltonian.- 8.1.2 Dimers Versus Close-Packed Aggregates.- 8.1.3 Trimers of Monovalent Elements.- 8.1.4 Pseudorotation of Na3.- 8.1.5 Four-Site Hubbard Clusters.- 8.1.6 N-Site (N ? 8) Hubbard Clusters.- 8.2 Synthetic Chemistry in a Cluster Beam.- 8.3 Generation of a Latent Image.- 8.4 Van der Waals and Metallic Mercury Clusters.- 8.5 Scattering of Microclusters.- 8.5.1 Collisional Dissociation of Metal Clusters by Rare-Gas Atoms.- 8.5.2 Reactive Scattering of NaN with O2.- References.

Blurb

Microcluster Physics provides a lucid account of the fundamental physics of all types of microclusters, outlining the dynamics and static properties of this new phase of matter, which is intermediate between a solid and a molecule. Since the original book was published in 1991, the field of microclusters has experienced surprising developments, which are reviewed in this new edition: the determination of atomic structure, spontaneous alloying, the super-shell, fission, fragmentation, evaporation, magnetism, fullerenes, nanotubes, atomic structure of large silicon clusters, superfluidity of He clusters, water clusters in liquid, electron correlation and optimizsation of the geometry, and scattering.