Microbial Pathogenesis: Infection and Immunity

ISBN-13: 9781461495291 / Angielski / Twarda / 2013 / 305 str.

Uday Kishore; Annapurna Nayak

Opis

The book starts with dissecting mechanisms underlying viral immune evasion via exploiting the host complement system by vaccinia virus, and by modulating the type 1 interferon response by RNA viruses. Yet another chapter looks into how viroporins expressed by different families of viruses causing influenza A virus, SARS, hepatitis C and HIV interact with several cellular pathways. Understanding of these mechanisms can aid the development of novel potential anti-viral targets. The chapter on tuberculosis discusses the emerging importance of the innate immune mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and latency. This book has a strong focus on fungal pathogenesis and immunity, starting with virulence and host factors that attain great importance in candidiasis and associated escape tricks of seriously opportunistic fungi. Two chapters on Aspergillus fumigatus elaborate on the pathogenic mechanisms: first discussing A. fumigatus-airway epithelium interaction, followed by fungal and host factors that are paramount in the development of allergic and invasive aspergillosis. In the subsequent chapter, there is a general discussion on the innate and adaptive immune responses against primary and opportunistic fungal pathogens.

Spis treści

1. The Complement System as a Viral Ta rget

for Immune Evasion................................................................................1

Ajitanuj Rattan, Rewati Kasbe, Jayati Mullick and Arvind Sahu

Abstract......................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1

Role of Complement in Combating Viruses............................................................................... 2

Complement Evasion by Viruses: Diverse Strategies................................................................ 6

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 17

2. Modulation of Type I Interferon Response

by RNA Viruses..........................................................................................28

Suchita Bhattacharyya

Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 28

Introduction................................................................................................................................ 28

RNA Viruses............................................................................................................................... 29

Type I Interferon System............................................................................................................ 31

Modulation of Type I Interferon Response by RNA Viruses.................................................. 31

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 33

3. Viroporins: Differential Functions at Late Stages

of Viral Life Cycles.............................................................................38

Francois Kien, Huailiang Ma, Stefan Díaz Gaisenband and Béatrice Nal

Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 38

Introduction................................................................................................................................ 38

Molecular Organizations and Ion Channel Activities of IAV M2,

SARS‑CoV E, HCV p7 and HIV‑ 1 Vpu Viroporins......................................................... 42

Differential Roles of Viroporins during Virus Morphogenesis and Release.......................... 46

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 53

xviii Contents

4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

Innate Immune Recognition

and Persistence......................................................................................63

Mycobacterium tuberculosis:

Innate Immune Recognition

and Persistence......................................................................................63

Munirah Abdul‑Aziz and Anthony G. Tsolaki

Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 63

Introduction................................................................................................................................ 63

Initial Stages of M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64

Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69

Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73

M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64

Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69

Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73

M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69

Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73

M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73

5. Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82

Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82

Thomas Höfken

Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 82

Introduction................................................................................................................................ 82

Medically Important Candida Species...................................................................................... 83

Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83

Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84

Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85

Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86

Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87

Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88

Candida Species...................................................................................... 83

Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83

Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84

Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85

Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86

Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87

Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88

Biofilm Formation...................................................................................................................... 92

Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95

Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96

Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96

Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97

Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98

Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100

...................................................................................................................... 92

Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95

Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96

Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96

Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97

Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98

Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100

6. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis

of Aspergillosis...................................................................................115

Savneet Kaur, Kavita Kale, Taruna Madan and P. Usha Sarma

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 115

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 115

Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA)................................................................................. 116

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)................................................................ 127

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 132

Contents xix

7. Airway Epithelium Interactions

with ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138

ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138

Neelkamal Chaudhary

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 138

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 138

Airway Epithelium Interaction with A. fumigatus................................................................. 139

Toll‑Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140

Non‑TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142

Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144

A. fumigatus................................................................. 139

Toll‑Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140

Non‑TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142

Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144

8. Anti‑Fungal Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.............149

Uday Kishore, Suhair M. Abozaid and Mohammed N. Al‑Ahdal

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 149

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 150

Innate Immune Mediated Defense against Fungi.................................................................. 151

Adaptive Immunity and Fungal Pathogens............................................................................ 156

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 159

9. Host‑pa thogen interaction in Malaria

and Trypa nosomiasis.........................................................................167

Janez Ferluga, Annapurna Nayak, and Uday Kishore

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 167

Introduction: Malaria, Background and Life Cycle of the Parasite.................................... 168

Malaria Immunity and Chronicity Development.................................................................. 170

Complement Involvement........................................................................................................ 174

PfEMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175

Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176

Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177

EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175

EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175

Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176

Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177

P. falciparum Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178

A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179

Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180

Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181

HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182

Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184

Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185

Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187

Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178

Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178

A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179

Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180

Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181

HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182

Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184

Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185

Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186

American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187

T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188

Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188

Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188

Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189

Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190

Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190

Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192

Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188

T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188

Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188

Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188

Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189

Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190

Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190

Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192

Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188

Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188

Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188

Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188

Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189

Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190

Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190

Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192

xx Contents

10. The Host Pathogen Interaction

and Immunomodulation During Leishmaniasis...............203

Surajit Bhattacharjee and Arijit Bhattacharya

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 203

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 204

Initial Interaction and Phagocytosis....................................................................................... 205

Macrophage Functions Altered by Leishmania...................................................................... 206

Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207

Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208

Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209

Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211

Cytokine–Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213

Leishmania...................................................................... 206

Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207

Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208

Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209

Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211

Cytokine–Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213

Leishmania‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214

Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220

Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223

‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214

Leishmania‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214

Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220

Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223

‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214

‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214

Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220

Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223

Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223

11. Immune responses induced by pa rasitic worms....................233

Janez Ferluga, Lubna Kouser and Uday Kishore

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 233

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 234

Helminth Type‑2 Immunity and Allergy................................................................................. 235

Hygiene Hypothesis on Allergies Increase.............................................................................. 237

Examples of Type 2 Immunity................................................................................................. 237

Tissue‑Parasite Variation in Type 2 Immunity....................................................................... 238

Potential Complement Involvement in Helminth and Autoimmunity................................. 240

Complement Evasion................................................................................................................ 242

Trichinellosis............................................................................................................................. 243

Filariasis.................................................................................................................................... 244

Taeniasis.................................................................................................................................... 245

Schistosomiasis......................................................................................................................... 246

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 247

12. Pathogenic Persistence and Evasion mechanisms

in Schistosomiasis...............................................................................255

Annapurna Nayak and Uday Kishore

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 255

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 256

Life Cycle into Intermediate and Vector Host........................................................................ 257

Skin Penetration by Cercariae: Breaking the First Line of Defense.................................... 259

Modulation of the Host’s Immune Response.......................................................................... 260

Granulomas in Acute and Chronic Schistosomiasis.............................................................. 263

Contribution of Various Immune Cells in the Immunopathology....................................... 265

Complement Evasion by Schistosome Paramyosin............................................................... 265

Immune Modulation of the Snail............................................................................................. 267

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 270

Contents xxi

13. TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES—

Passage from Gut to Brain............................................................276

Daniel A. Mitchell

Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 276

Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 277

The Replication of Infectious Prions....................................................................................... 277

The Importance of the Gut in TSEs........................................................................................ 278

Prion Proliferation in Lymphoid Tissues................................................................................ 279

The Role of Dendritic Cells in Prion Trafficking................................................................... 279

The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280

Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282

................................................................... 279

The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280

Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281

Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282

O autorze

Uday Kishore Annapurna Nayak Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, Brunel University, London, UK