Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design

ISBN-13: 9781119457336 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 928 str.

John G. Webster;Amit J Nimunkar

Opis

This book provides biomedical engineers with the premiere reference on medical instrumentation as well as a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts. The revised edition features new material on infant apnea monitors, impedance pneumography, the design of cardiac pacemakers, and disposable defibrillator electrodes and their standards. Each chapter includes new problems and updated reference material that cover the latest medical technologies. The chapters have also been revised with new material in medical imaging, providing biomedical engineers with the most current techniques in the field.

Spis treści

Acknowledgments xiiiPreface xvList of Symbols xviii1 Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation 1Walter H. Olson and John G. Webster1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices 21.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System 31.3 Alternative Operational Modes 51.4 Medical Measurement Constraints 71.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments 101.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs 101.7 Compensation Techniques 121.8 Biostatistics 141.9 Generalized Static Characteristics 181.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics 261.11 Amplifiers and Signal Processing 401.12 Inverting Amplifiers 421.13 Noninverting Amplifiers 451.14 Differential Amplifiers 471.15 Comparators 531.16 Rectifiers 551.17 Logarithmic Amplifiers 601.18 Integrators 611.19 Differentiators 621.20 Active Filters 641.21 Frequency Response 681.22 Offset Voltage 711.23 Bias Current 731.24 Input and Output Resistance 751.25 Design Criteria 771.26 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process 771.27 Regulation of Medical Devices 80Problems 85References 892 Basic Sensors and Principles 91Robert A. Peura and John G. Webster2.1 Displacement Measurements 912.2 Resistive Sensors 922.3 Bridge Circuits 1022.4 Inductive Sensors 1042.5 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators 1072.6 Capacitive Sensors 1102.7 Piezoelectric Sensors 1132.8 Accelerometer 1192.9 Temperature Measurements 1192.10 Thermocouples 1202.11 Thermistors 1232.12 Radiation Thermometry 1282.13 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors 1332.14 Optical Measurements 1332.15 Radiation Sources 1352.16 Geometrical and Fiber Optics 1402.17 Optical Filters 1432.18 Radiation Sensors 1442.19 Optical Combinations 148Problems 148References 1503 Microcontrollers in Medical Instrumentation 153Amit J. Nimunkar3.1 Basics of Microcontroller 1533.2 Embedded Medical System 1543.3 ECG-Based Embedded Medical System Example 1563.4 Selection of a Microcontroller 1613.5 IoT-Based Medical Devices 188Problems 191References 1934 The Origin of Biopotentials 196John W. Clark, Jr.4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells 1974.2 Volume Conductor Fields 2064.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System 2094.4 The Electroneurogram 2114.5 The Electromyogram 2164.6 The Electrocardiogram 2194.7 The Electroretinogram 2324.8 The Electroencephalogram 2384.9 The Magnetoencephalogram 259Problems 260References 2645 Biopotential Electrodes 267Michael R. Neuman5.1 The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface 2685.2 Polarization 2715.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes 2755.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models 2825.5 The Electrode-Skin Interface and Motion Artifact 2855.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes 2895.7 Internal Electrodes 3025.8 Electrode Arrays 3095.9 Microelectrodes 3115.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue 3205.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes 323Problems 325References 3296 Biopotential Amplifiers 333Michael R. Neuman6.1 Basic Requirements 3336.2 The Electrocardiograph 3356.3 Problems Frequently Encountered 3486.4 Transient Protection 3586.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits 3616.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals 3656.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier 3706.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors 3726.9 Cardiac Monitors 3816.10 Biotelemetry 389Problems 391References 3947 Blood Pressure and Sound 396Robert A. Peura7.1 Direct Measurements 3997.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood Pressure Waveforms 4037.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems 4057.4 Measurement of System Response 4147.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response 4187.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure 4197.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion 4207.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure 4227.9 Heart Sounds 4227.10 Phonocardiography 4287.11 Cardiac Catheterization 4287.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements 4337.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure 4357.14 Tonometry 442Problems 448References 4508 Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood 452John G. Webster8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Continuous Infusion 4538.2 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Rapid Injection 4558.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters 4598.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 4678.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors 4818.6 Chamber Plethysmography 4848.7 Electrical-Impedance Plethysmography 4868.8 Photoplethysmography 493Problems 495References 4979 Measurements of the Respiratory System 499Frank P. Primiano, Jr.9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System 5019.2 Measurement of Pressure 5089.3 Measurement of Gas Flow 5119.4 Lung Volume 5209.5 Respiratory Plethysmography 5289.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics 5359.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration 5489.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport 560Problems 568References 57110 Chemical Biosensors 574Robert A. Peura10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid-Base Physiology 57610.2 Electrochemical Sensors 58010.3 Chemical Fibrosensors 58910.4 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) 60610.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET) 60910.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring 61010.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors 62010.8 Electronic Noses 63010.9 Lab-on-a-chip 63110.10 Summary 632Problems 633References 63311 Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation 637Lawrence A. Wheeler11.1 Spectrophotometry 63811.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers 64911.3 Chromatology 65311.4 Electrophoresis 65611.5 Hematology 659Problems 671References 67112 Medical Imaging Systems 673Melvin P. Siedband12.1 Information Content of an Image 67412.2 Modulation Transfer Function 67812.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth 68012.4 Image Processing 68112.5 Radiography 68212.6 Computed Radiography 69012.7 Computed Tomography 69712.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 70712.9 Nuclear Medicine 71412.10 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography 72212.11 Positron Emission Tomography 72312.12 Ultrasonography 72812.13 Contrast Agents 740Problems 742References 74413 Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices 746Michael R. Neuman13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators 74613.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters 76413.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices 77113.4 Hemodialysis 77513.5 Lithotripsy 77813.6 Ventilators 78013.7 Infant Incubators 78413.8 Drug Delivery Devices 78613.9 Surgical Instruments 79313.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser 797Problems 798References 80014 Electrical Safety 803Walter H. Olson14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity 80414.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters 80714.3 Distribution of Electric Power 81314.4 Macroshock Hazards 81814.5 Microshock Hazards 82214.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards 82714.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock 82914.8 Protection: Power Distribution 83014.9 Protection: Equipment Design 83314.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers 83814.11 Testing the Electric System 83814.12 Tests of Electric Appliances 84014.13 Conclusion 843Problems 844References 846Appendix 848A.1 Physical Constants 848A.2 International System of Units (SI) Prefixes 848A.3 International System of Units 849A.4 Abbreviations 850A.5 Chemical Elements 853Index 855

O autorze

John G. Webster, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.Amit J. Nimunkar, PhD, is a Faculty Associate in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.