Medical Imaging Techniques: A Comparison

ISBN-13: 9781468434880 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 372 str.

Kendall Preston

Opis

The need for a book on medica1 imaging techniques became evi dent to the editors of this vo1ume at the 1976 Engineering Founda tion Conference on Non-Invasive Medica1 Diagnosis. This conference treated imaging of the thorax, abdomen, brain, and extremities using ultrasound, radiology, computed tomography, and nuc1ear medi cine. During 1976 and 1977 the editors solicited participants in the conference for contributions to this vo1ume. Other sources were also sought in special areas of interest in medical imaging beyond those individua1s who had been conference participants. Most of the writing and editing was done in late 1977 and in 1978 resu1ting in this 25-chapter book which is organized into sections on (1) Systems Considerations, (2) C1inical Results, (3) Research Topics, and (4) Tutorials. A short survey of the book is contained in the Introduction. The editors wish to acknowledge the United States National Science Foundation, particularly J. C. Aller, Program Manager, for partial financia1 support of the conference and of the publication of this book under Grant APR76-24161. The exce11ent typing services of Caroline Wadhams's organization (Report Production Associates, Cambridge, Massachusetts) and her staff, particu1ar1y Susan Dunham, are acknowledged as weIl as the efforts of Meg Grant and Winnie Garcia (Tucson, Arizona) who assisted with the subject index. The splendid cooperation of the staff of Plenum Press, in particular Stephen Dyer (Assistant Managing Editor) and Derrick Mancini (Editor), has been inva1uab1e. K. Preston, Jr.

Spis treści

Systems Considerations.- Health Planning for a New Technology: Computerized Tomography Planning Issues in 1975 and 1976.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Information Needs of Health Planners.- 3. Effect of CT on Alternative Diagnostic Neurologic Procedures.- 4. Health Planning Issues.- 4.1 Equipment Selection Criteria.- 4.2 Early Instrument Obsolescence.- 4.3 Diffusion of CT Scanning Systems.- 4.4 Geographic Location.- 5. Planning Approach.- 5.1 Areawide Planning for CT Scanning Systems.- 5.2 Assessment of Areawide Need.- 5.3 Guidelines for Procurement of Initial CT Scanner.- 5.4 Guidelines of Procurement of Additional Scanners.- 5.5 Body Scanner Applications.- 6. References.- An Overview of Government Regulation of the Use of Computed Tomography through 1978.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Health Planning — The Health Resources Administration.- 2.1 The Certificate-of-Need Process (CON).- 2.2 National Guidelines for CT.- 3. Reimbursement Policy — The Social Security Administration.- 4. Performance and Safety Standards — The Food and Drug Administration.- 5. Legislative Assistance Groups.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- Multiple Endpoints in the Assessment of Non-Invasive Technology.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Non-Invasive Technology for Clinical Chest Diseases.- 1.2 Assessment of Medical Technology.- 2. Levels of Technology.- 3. Health Services Delivery Systems.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- The Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Procedure.- 2.1 The Diagnostic Information Obtained by the Investigation.- 2.2 The Therapeutic Consequence of Establishing or Excluding a Diagnosis.- 2.3 Discomfort and Risk to the Patient.- 2.4 Economic Cost.- 3. Evaluation of Diagnostic Information.- 4. The Direct Method.- 5. The Indirect Method.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- The Impact of Technology on Health Care Productivity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pitfalls of Inflexible Policies.- 3. Impact of Current Technology.- 3.1 Ultrasound.- 3.2 Nuclear Medicine.- 3.3 New Skills.- 4. Trend Toward Decentralization of Services.- 5. Summary.- Clinical Results.- Scintigraphy, Ultrasound, and CT Scanning of the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Nuclear Medicine Imaging.- 1.2 Ultrasound Imaging and Computed Tomography.- 2. Comparison.- 2.1 Metastases.- 2.2 Diffuse Abnormalities.- 2.3 Ascites.- 2.4 Biliary Tree.- 2.5 Gallstones.- 3. Discussion.- 4. References.- Comparison Between Conventional Rectilinear and Multiplane Tomographic Nuclear Imaging of the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- A Preliminary Report on Computed Tomography of the Thorax and Abdomen.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1 Liver.- 3.2 Effusions.- 3.3 Pancreas.- 3.4 Kidneys.- 3.5 Aorta.- 3.6 Gallbladder and Bile Ducts.- 3.7 Retroperitoneal Abnormalities.- 3.8 Mediastinal Masses.- 3.9 Bony Abnormalities.- 3.10 Breast.- 4. Discussion.- Ultrasonic Imaging of Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Accepted Uses of Ultrasound in Detection.- 2.1 Gynecological Tumors.- 2.2 Abdominal Lymph Nodes.- 2.3 Retroperitoneal Masses.- 2.4 Tumors of the Pancreas.- 2.5 Other Gastrointestinal Tumors.- 2.6 Liver Metastases.- 2.7 Neoplasms of the Kidney.- 2.8 The Thyroid Gland.- 3. Analysis of Ultrasound Patterns of Tumors.- 4. Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Management of Tumors.- 5. References.- Computed Tomography of the Liver and Biliary Tract.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Normal Liver and Biliary Tract.- 3. The Abnormal Liver and Biliary Tract.- 3.1 Space-Occupying Hepatic Lesions.- 3.2 Jaundice.- 3.3 Gallbladder Disease.- 4. Discussion.- 5. References.- Computed Tomography of the Liver.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1 Normal Liver.- 3.2 Tumors.- 3.3 Cysts.- 3.4 Cirrhosis.- 3.5 Abcess.- 3.6 Obstructive Jaundice.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1 Contrast Agents.- 4.2 CT Biopsy.- 4.3 Transhepatic Cholangiography.- 5. References.- Echographic Diagnosis of Lesions of the Abdominal Aorta and Lymph Nodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Abdominal Aorta.- 2.1 Modern Echographic Procedure.- 2.2 Echographic Measurement.- 2.3 Echographic Measurements in the Management of Aneurysms.- 2.4 Method of Examination.- 2.5 Diagnostic Procedure.- 2.6 A Few Pitfalls.- 2.7 Differential Diagnosis of Large Abdominal Lymph Nodes.- 2.8 Indications for Procedure.- 2.9 Reliability.- 2.10 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms.- 2.11 Inferior Vena Cava.- 3. Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Enlargement.- 3.1 Development of Examination Procedure.- 3.2 Acoustic Nature of Lymph Nodes.- 3.3 Distribution.- 3.4 Outlining of Radiation Ports.- 3.5 Indications.- 3.6 Differential Diagnosis.- 4. Summary.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- Research Topics.- The Use of Computerized Tomography in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Standard Management of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule.- 3. The Use of CT — Material and Methods.- 3.1 Read a CT Scan from Magnetic Tape or Disk.- 3.2 Isolate a Pathological Region in the CT Scan.- 3.3 Generate the Frequency Distribution and Histogram.- 3.4 Determine Pathological Boundaries.- 3.5 Estimate Volume.- 3.6 Produce Subtraction Images.- 4. Results.- 4.1 An Illustrative Case Study.- 4.2 Comment.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- Image Processing of Computerized Tomographic Scans.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Limitations of CT Scanning.- 1.2 Limitations of Human Visual Perception.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. The Sigma Scan Image.- 4. Specific Case Studies.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- Determination of Organ Volume.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Kidney Volume Determination.- 3. Liver Volume Determination.- 3.1 Results.- 3.2 Case Studies.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging of the Heart, Lungs, and Circulation by Roentgen-Video Computed Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- 6. Acknowledgements.- 7. References.- A Digital Moving Target Indicator System for Detection of Intracranial Arterial Echoes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. System Description.- 3. Results.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- Relationship of Images of Acoustic Refractive Index and Attenuation to Tissue Types within Excised Female Breast.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method of Procedure.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. Acknowledgements.- Feasibility of NMR Zeugmatographic Imaging of the Heart and Lungs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Potential Applications in Medical Diagnostic Imaging.- 3. Preliminary Experiments.- 3.1 NMR Properties of Lung Tissue.- 3.2 NMR Properties of Myocardial Tissue.- 4. Physical Limitations.- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- Mutual Impedivity Spectrometry and the Feasibility of its Incorporation into Tissue-Diagnostic Anatomical Reconstitution and Multivariate Time-Coherent Physiological Measurements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Impedivity Measurement and Display.- 2.1 Display Methodology.- 2.2 Transfer Impedance.- 2.3 Reconstruction Techniques.- 2.4 Synchronization Methods.- 2.5 Multidimensional Data Display.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- Tutorials.- Basic Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Principles.- 2.1 Frequencies Employed.- 2.2 Production of Ultrasound.- 2.3 Intensity of Ultrasound.- 2.4 The Reflection Process.- 2.5 Resolution of Ultrasound Systems.- 2.6 Tissue Attenuation and TGC.- 2.7 Types of Reflectors.- 2.8 Gray-scale Systems.- 2.9 Scanning Techniques in Gray-scale Ultrasonography.- 2.10 Recording Systems.- 2.11 Real-Time Ultrasound Systems.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- Nuclear Medicine Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Imaging Modalities.- 1.2 Detection Systems.- 2. The Imaging Problem.- 2.1 Resolution.- 2.2 Imaging Performance.- 3. Imaging Concepts.- 3.1 Sources of Noise in the Nuclear Medicine Image.- 4. The High Purity Germanium (HPGe) Camera.- 4.1 Comparative Sensitivity.- 4.2 Contrast Resolution.- 4.3 Comparative Imaging.- 5. Tracers.- 6. Discussion.- 7. References.- Algorithms in Computerized Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Reconstruction Problem.- 1.2 The Reconstruction Paradigm.- 2. Reconstruction Algorithms.- 2.1 Transform Methods — Parallel Geometry.- 2.2 Transform Methods — Divergent Geometry.- 2.3 Series Expansion Methods.- 3. Comparison of Algorithms.- 4. Impact on Medicine.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- Scanning Methods and Reconstruction Algorithms for Computerized Tomography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Scanning Modes.- 2.1 Translation and Rotation Mode Using a Pencil Thin Collimated X-ray Beam.- 2.2 Translation and Rotation Mode Using a Fan-Beam X-ray Technique.- 2.3 Rotation Mode Using a Larger Fan Beam.- 3. Picture Reconstruction Algorithm.- 3.1 Parallel Algorithm: Algebraic, Convolution and Fast Fourier Transformer.- 3.2 Fan Algorithm.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- Principles of Signal Analysis with Applications to Medical Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Early Work.- 2.1 Investigations by Mountford and Wells.- 3. Signal Analysis Theory and Methods.- 3.1 Signal Regimes.- 3.2 Tissue Signatures.- 4. Experimental Data.- 4.1 Materials and Methods.- 4.2 Transducer Calibration.- 4.3 In Vivo Recording.- 4.4 Case Study (Human).- 4.5 Case Study (Animal).- 5. Acknowledgements.- 6. References.- Author Index.