Mechanics in Structural Geology

ISBN-13: 9780387976525 / Angielski / Miękka / 1991 / 253 str.

Brian Bayly; B. Bayly

Opis

From the reviews: ..".one of the charms of this book is that it is different from both structural geology text books and mechanics texts. Bayly has brought these two fields together admirably, with great intelligence, imagination and originality. For this reason alone, I think all active structural geologists, whether in research or teaching, and particularly those concerned with theory, should read this book."
(Journal of Structural Geology)

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- Mountains and Human Affairs.- Mountains and the Concepts of Mechanics.- 2 Strains and Displacements.- Linear Strain.- Summation and Integral Forms.- Strain Rate.- Logarithmic Strain.- Stretch.- Change of Area and Volume.- Rates of Change.- Conservation of Area and Volume.- Spread Ratio.- Variation of Linear Strain with Direction.- Homogeneous Strain.- Principal Axes.- Lines Inclined to the Axes.- Summary.- Shear Strain.- Distinction from Rotation.- Variation of Shear Strain with Direction.- Maximum Shear Strain.- Summary.- Laminar Materials.- Cumulative Shear Strain.- Slip Surfaces.- Linear Strain in Laminar Behavior.- Comparison with Coaxial Deformation.- Summary.- Change of Strain from Point to Point.- Folding.- Circular Arcs.- Summary.- Surface Waves.- The Mohr Circle and Partition of Strain.- The Mohr Circle.- Change of Area, Change of Shape.- Change of Volume.- Summary.- Answers.- 3 Forces and Stresses.- Relating Forces and Pressures to Daily Experience.- Relating Pressure to Depth.- Instability: Vertical Columns in Parallel but Mismatched.- Isostasy.- Force Balance, Weight Versus Pressure.- Forces Vertical.- Forces Parallel to a Slope.- Application to Glaciers.- Forces Vertical, Pressures Partitioned over Two Areas.- Weighted Mean Pressure.- Generalization.- Weighted Mean.- Force Balance, Shear Stress Versus Weight.- Force Balance, One Shear Stress and Weight.- Force Balance, Two Shear Stresses and Weight.- Force Balance, Shear Stress Versus Pressure.- Force Balance: Shear Stress, Weight, and Pressure.- Force Balance with Moving Body.- Vertical Torpedo, or Submerged Vertical Pencil.- Pyrenees.- Summary and Generalizations.- Stresses at an Interface.- Three Dimensions.- Planes Oblique to Each Other.- Change of Stress from Point to Point.- Stress Fields.- The Stress Field in a Fluid at Rest in a Gravity Field.- The Stress Field in a Fluid Subject to Gravity Plus Extra Horizontal Compression.- The Stress Field Beneath an Undulating Topography.- Summary.- Answers.- 4 Variation of Stress with Direction.- Stress on Oblique Planes.- The Calculation Process.- Stresses at a Point.- Area Ratios.- Summary.- Mohr Circle and Sine-Wave Diagram for Stresses.- Summary of Stress Relations.- Connection with Mohr Circle.- Refraction of Stress.- Generalizations.- Stress Relations in Three Dimensions.- Answers.- 5 Rheology: Relations Between Forces and a Material’s Response.- Shear Stress, Shear Strain, and Viscosity.- Is “Plate Tectonics” True?.- Summary and Comment.- Relation of GTU and GVU to Standard Units.- Normal Stresses and Linear Strains.- Shale and Limestone Layers Spreading at Different Rates.- Coherent and Incoherent Interfaces.- Summary and Comment.- A Rock Has Variable Viscosity.- Variation in Shear Stress.- Summary.- Principal Stress Inclined to an Interface.- Refraction.- Observables at an Interface.- Refraction of Cleavage.- Alternating Multilayers And Anisotropy.- Summary.- Angular Relations.- Straight-Limbed Folds.- Rounded Folds and Saddle Reefs.- Behavior of Multilayers.- Change of Volume.- Permeability.- Flow Rates.- Permeability and Darcy’s Law.- Nonuniform Pressure Gradients.- Column of Sediment.- Generalization.- Solution Transfer.- Direction of Shortening and Direction of Escape.- Special Cases.- Summary.- Answers.- 6 Parting.- Two Kinds of Parting: The Failure Envelope.- Experimental Arrangements.- Stress Magnitudes.- Attitudes of Faults and Fractures.- Inhomogeneous Rock and Thrust Sheets.- Slip on Bedding Planes.- Tapered Slab.- Wedge-Shaped Thrust Sheets.- Wedge with Inclined Base.- Effect of Pore Fluid on Parting.- Tensile Parting.- Hydrofracture and Vein Formation.- Shear Parting.- A Rock’s Response Affects Its Properties.- Effective Stress.- Tensile Parting.- Shear Fracture.- Effective Coefficient of Friction.- Summary.- Answers.- 7 Concurrent Fracture and Flow.- Links Between the Processes.- Change of Temperature and Pressure.- Summary.- A Mohr Diagram for Flow Behavior.- Stress Points.- Failure Envelope Using Stress Points.- Flow Behavior Using Stress Points.- Summary.- Effect of Pore Fluid on Flow Behavior.- Effect of Fluid Pressure on Behavior.- First Example: Strike-Slip Regime.- Flow Rates.- Summary.- Effect of Fluid Composition and Amount.- A Changing Population of Microfractures.- Fluid Amount and Microfracturing.- Concluding Example: The Pyrenees.- Assembling the Parts.- Source of the Fluid.- A Unified Mechanics.- Fluid Pulses and Dilation.- Review and Summary.- Answers.- Appendices.- A. List of Abbreviations.- B. Precision and Significant Figures.- C. Weights as Units of Force.- D. Experimental Work on Rock Deformation.- E. Books on Related Material.