Materials and Strength of Gas Turbine Parts: Volume 1: Materials, Properties, Damage, Deformation and Fracture Models

ISBN-13: 9789811605369 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022 / 500 str.

Leonid Borisovich Getsov; Holm Altenbach; Konstantin Naumenko

Spis treści

INTRODUCTION

 

Chapter 1. Operating conditions of details of gas turbines and materials applied to them  ( Getsov L.B.)

 

1.1.       Operating conditions of the basic details gas turbine engines (GTE) and their damages at long operation and in bench tests

1.1.1.       Vanes

1.1.2.       Turbine blades

1.1.3.       Turbine disks

1.1.4.       Stator details

1.1.5.       Blades, disks and cases of compressors

1.1.6.       Reducer pinions

1.2.        Requirements for materials of GTE parts

1.2.1.       Disks of turbines

1.2.3.       Vanes

1.2.4.     

  Flame tubes

1.2.5.       Fixing details

1.2.6.       Regenerators

1.2.7.       Blades, disks and compressor casing

1.3.       The Materials applied to details GTE

1.3.1.      Perlitic steels

1.3.2.      Ferritic

steels

1.3.3.      Austenitic steels

1.3.4.      Alloys on a nickel base

1.3.5.      Composite materials

1.3.6.      Ceramic materials

1.3.7.      Titanic alloys

1.4. Final remarks

References

 

Chapter 2. Resistance to deformation of heat resisting materials at static and cyclic LOADING

 

2.1. Mechanical properties at uniaxial stress state

2.1.1. Elasticit

y and plasticity

2.1.2. Module of elastic

ity

2.1.3. Heterogeneity of plastic deform

ations

2.1.4. Scale factor

2.2. Creep and stress relaxation

2.2.1. Phenomenon of creep

2.2.2. Theories of creep.

2.2.3. Isochrones curves of creep

2.2.4. Stress relaxation

2.3. Deformations and stresses at the complex loading

        2.3.1. Deformations and stresses in elastic area at complex loading.

            2.3.2.Stress concentrators

        2.3.3. The elementary models of plasticity and creep.

2.4. Resistance to cyclic deformation

2.4.1. Cyclic elastic-plastic defo

rmation

2.4.2. Cyclic limit of elasticity

2.4.3. Cyclic creep and stress relaxation  at repeated-stress cycle

of loading

2.4.4. Cyclic creep at sign-variable loading

2.4.5. Cyclic creep at variable temperatures

2.4.6. Cyclic elastic-plastic deformatio

n at changing temperatures.

2.5. Theories of deformation at complex loading (Getsov L.B., Semenov A.S.)

2.5.1. Effects of behavior of metal materials.

2.5.2. Models it is viscous-is elastic-plasticity.

2.5.3. Practical realization of model of cyclic plasticity and creep at proportional

 loading

2.6. Final remarks

References

 

Chapter 3. Resistance to destruction of heat resisting materials at static and cyclic loading

3.1.

Crite

ria of

viscous

and fragile destruction

             3.1.1. Criteria of destruction

             3.1.2. Conditions of plastic and brittle failure.

             3.1.3. Bearing ability of designs.      

3.2. Creep rupture strength at constants both variable temperatures and stresses

             3.2.1. Dependence on time

3.2.2. Influence of temperature

3.2.3. Mechanisms of damages and deformation ability of materials at creep

3.2.4.

Destruction in conditions of a relaxation

3.2.5. Creep rupture strength at the complex intense condition

3.2.6. Creep rupture strength at variable temperatures and stresses

3.3. Resistance to destruction at cyclically changing stresses

3.3.1. High-frequency fatigue

3.3.2. Low-frequency fatigue

3.3.3. Thermal fatigue (Getsov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.)

3.4. Criteria of destruction at complex progr

ams of loading

           3.4.1. Damages a

t static and low-cycle loading

3.4.2. Criteria of destruction of materials at elastic-plastic deformation.

3.4.3. Adaptability theory

3.4.3. Criterion of destruction at sign-variable cyclic creep

3.4.5. Modified criteria of destruction of materials at cyclic loading

3.4.6. Experimental check of criteria

3.4.7. Ratcheting

            3.4.8. Crit

eria of destru

ction at the c

omplex stress

3.5. L

aws of formation and distribution of cracks in heat resisting alloys at static and cyclic loading

3.5.1. Conditions and character of formation of cracks

3.5.2. Rate of cracks propagation 

3.6. Final remarks

References

 

Chapter 4.   Influence of technology factor

s and long operation on structure and property of heat resisting materials

4.1. Dependence of properties on metallurgical factors, the sizes of grains and orientations

4.1.1. Influence of a method of melt and pouring

4.1.2. Influence of conditions of deformation of half-finished products

4.1.3. Influence of the size of grain of the deformed alloys

4.2. Influence of orientation of crystals on properties of cast alloys 

4.2.1. Structure of single crystal alloys.

4.2.2. Anisotropy of modules of elasticity

4.2.3. Anisotropy of Poisson's ratio

4.2.4. Anisotropy of coefficient of linear expansion

4.2.5. Short-term mechanical properties

4.2.6. Resistance of high-frequency fatigue

4.2.7. Creep rupture strength  and creep resistance

4.2.8. Thermal and low-cycle fatigue (Getsov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.)

4.2.9. Criteria of destruction of monocrystalline materia

ls at thermal-cycle loading (Getsov L.B., Semenov A.S.)

4.2.10. Crystallographic features of cyclic fatigue failure of single crystal alloys

4.2.11. R

esistance to oxidatio

n

4.3. Correlation of structure and properties

4.3.1. Influence of a mode of heat treatment conditions

4.3.2. Influence of long ageing

4.3.3. Influence of regenerative thermal processing

4.4. Dependence of properties on a condition of a surface

4.4.1. Influence of mechanical and thermal processing on a condition of a superficial layer

4.4.2. Dependence of properties on a condition of a surface

4.4.3. Methods of surface hardening of GTE parts

4.5. Final remarks

References

 

Chapter 5. Corrosion of materials gtu

and its influence on strength

 

5.1. Corrosion of materials in water and steam

5.2. Intercrystalline and pit corrosion of

steels

5.3. Corrosion cracking

5.4. Corrosion fatigue

5.5. High-temperature oxidation and surfaces de-alloying

5.6. Sulfide- oxide gas corrosion and its influence on properties

5.7. V

anadic corrosion

5.8. Resistance of erosion

5.9. Contact corrosion

5.10. Fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue

5.11. Final remarks

References

 

Chapter 6. Protective coatings

6.1. Classification of coatings and features of technology of their drawing

6.2. Certification of high-temperature c

overings for turbine

blades  

6.3.

Features of structure

of coverings

6.3.1

. Аluminide coatings

6.3.2. Electron beam coatings

6.3.3. Multilayered coatings with an external ceramic layer

6.4. Thermal treatment of blades with coatings and its influence on properties of the basic metal (Gets

ov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.)

6.4.1. Thermal treatment before  coating application

6.4.2. Homogenizing anneal

ing

6.4.3. Finishing thermal treatment

6.5. Properties of coatings (Getsov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.)

6.5.1. Physical properties

6.5.2. Mechanical properties

6.5.3. Resistance of thermal fatigues

6.5.4. Resistance of fatigue

6.5.5. Creep rupture strength 

6.5.6. Resistance of erosion

6.5.7. Resistance of corrosion

6.5.8. Structural stability and degradation of coatings

6.6. Techniques of forecasting of a corrosion resource.

6.6.1. Methods of computation of a corrosion resource of coatings

6.6.2. Modernized model of ITTF - NPO CКТI (Getsov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.)

6.7. Final remarks

References

 

Volume 2

 

Chapter 7.  CONSTRUCTIVE DURABI

LITY and corrosion reliability of  gas

turbin

e parts

 

7.1. Operating experience and bench tests of GTE blades (Getsov L.B., R

ybnikov A.I.)

      

      7.1.1. Corrosion and e

rosive damages of blades at o

peration

Corrosion environm

ent in GTE flowing part

Sulfide- oxide corrosion of blades without coatings

Operating experience of turbine blades with coatings

            7.1.2. Thermal fatigue durability of turbine blades

Thermal fatigue durability of blades without coatings

Thermal fatigue durability of blades with coatings

Speed of distribution of thermal fatigue cracks

            7.1.3. Fatigue durability of turbine and compressor blades

7.2. Strength of tur

bine disks (Getsov L.B.)

            7.2.1. Bearing ability of disks

     

       7.2.2. Thermal fatigue durability of disks

            7.2.3. Fatigue durability of disks

7.3. Durability of stator parts (Getsov L.B.)

7.4. Fatigue failure of shafts (Getsov L.B.)

7.5. Final remarks (Getsov L.B.)

References

 

Chapter 8. calculation  Methods of strength and durability o

f basic parts GTE  at stationary and non-stationary loading

 

8.1. Ideology of definition of safety factors of details in calculations with use of finite element analysis (FEA) (Getsov L.B., Fedorchenko D.G.)

8.1.1. Reliability of an estimation of the SSS at use FEA

8.1.2. safety factors of static du

rability

8.1.3. Met

hods of calculation of safety facto

rs of turbine parts at thermal cycl

ic loading

8.1.4. Working ca

pacity of designs with poor safety factors

of local durab

ility.

8.2. Methods

of calculation of static and vibrating durability of blades.

(Getsov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.)

8.2.1. Calculation of static and vibrating durability of blades from isotropic materials

Calculation of static durability of the fur-tree locking blade

Static durability of T-shank

Stress-strain state and estimation of durability of blades from plastic materials

Static strength of blades with an eccentricity of mass centre

Calculations of stress strain state of blades in the creep conditions

Estimation

of durability of blades from low plastic materials

Vibrating durability of blades

8.2.2. Calculation of static durability of blades from single cr

ystal alloys

8.2.3. Settlement definition of temperature modes of operation and static durability of blades with coatings

8.3. Methods of calculation of thermo cyclic durability of blades (Getsov L.B)

8.3.1. Stress-strain state and durability of blades at thermo cyclic loading

8.3.2. Calculation of thermo cyclic durability of blades from single crystal materials

8.3.3. Stress-strain state of blades with coatings

8.3.4. Definition of safety factors of blades with coatings

8.4. Growth rate of cracks in blades

(Getsov L.B., Semenov A.S.)

8.4.

1. Growth rate of cracks of creep

8

.4.2. Settlement estimation of speed of distribut

ion of thermal fatigue cracks in turbine blades

8.4.3. Technique of definition of survivability of compressor blades

8.5. Methods of calculation of static and vibrating durability of disks (Getsov L.B)

8.5.1. Methods of calculation of bea

ring abili

ty of disks

8.5.2. Methods

of calculation of growth rate of fatigue cracks in disks

8.5.3. Methods of calculation of durability in the conditions of stress relaxation

8.6. Methods of calculation of durability of details of turbines at the thermo cyclic loading . (Getsov L.B)

8.6.1.

stress strain state and durability of disks at thermo cyclic loading

8.6.2. A settlement-experimental method of definition of speed of distribution of cracks of thermal fatigue in turbine disks

8.6.3 Methods of an estimation of thermo cyclic durability of rim guide vanes

8.7 Methods of calculating the strength of the wheels of centrifugal compressors (Getsov L.B)

8.7.1. Manufacturing techniques of driving wheels of compressors from a high-strength steel.

8.7.2. The stress strain state of wheels and safety factors.

8.7. 3. Cyclic durability of driving wheels of centrifugal compressors

8.7.

4. Fragile durability of drivi

ng wheels

8.7.5. Features of the Mode

Selection post-weld heat treatment of wheels

8.7.6. The natural frequencies of the impelle

rs

 8.8. Final remarks (Getsov L.B)

Ref

erences

 

Chapter 9. Methods of maintenance and increase of reliability GTE

 

9.1. Norms of durability of details GTE (Getsov L.B. , Nozhnitsky Yu.A.)

9.2. Complex of necessary tests of properties of materials and a database (Getsov L.B)

9.3. Control of materials (Getsov L.B., Rybnikov A.I.))

9.4. Accelerated tests of GTE (Getsov L.B)

9.4.1. Settlement substantiation of modes of accelerated tests GTE

9.4.2. Design procedure

of modes of ac

celerated tests GTE for chec

k of durability of compressor blades

9.4.3. Methods of calculation of modes of the accelerated tests of

GTE blades on parameters of corrosion damages

9.4.4. Design procedure of safety factors of gear reducers

9.4.5. Some results of accelerated tests GTE

9.5. Definition of a resource of elements GTE (Getsov L.B., Nozhnitsky Yu.A.)

9.5.1. Probabilistically justified the establishment of resource components of aircraft gas turbine engines to ensure their safe operation

9.5.2. Definition of a residual resource of elements GTE

9.6. Methods of increase of reliability of details GTE. Resource management methods (Getsov L.B.,

Dashunin N. A., Rybnikov A.I.)

         9

.6.1. Basic damages of blades of stationary GTE a

t operation

9.6.2. Management of a resource of blades at designing

         9.6.3. Management of a resou

rce of blades at manufacturing

         9.6.4. Management of a resource

of blades at operation.  

         9.6.5. Repair of blades

9.6.6. Perfection of technology of welding

9.7. Final remarks (Getsov L.B.)

References

 

Chapter 10. Perspective GAS turbine INSTALLATIONS from CONSTRUCTIO

NAL CERAMIC MATERIALS  (Sudarev A.V., Getsov L.B.)

 

10.1. Ceramics application – means of increase of profitability and ecological compatibility GTE

10.2. Traditional constructional ceramic materials.

10.2.1. Traditional constructional ceramic materials

10.2.2. Non-shrink constructional ceramic materials

10.3. Ceramic eng

ines

10.3.1. Designing principles

10.3.2

. Examples ceramic GTE

10.3.3. Details from constructional ceramic materials.

10.4. Final remarks

References

 

&n

bsp;

appendices

 

Appendix 1. Superalloys and heat resisting alloys applied in gas turbine engines in Russia

Appendix 2. Chemical composition and some properties of steels and the alloys a

pplied abroad

Appendix 3. Isochronous cur

ve of creep

Appendix 4. Curves of creep r

upture strength

Appendix 5. Charact

eristics of crack growth resistance

Appendix 6. Models

of plasticity and the creep, included in some finite-element packages intended including for the decision of nonlinear problems

O autorze

The author:

Leonid Borisovich Getsov - Chief Researcher at the Central Boiler and Turbine Institute. In 1953 he graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute and at the same time Faculty of Physics, Leningrad University, defended his Ph.D. thesis. in 1962. Then he was approved in the rank of senior researcher in the specialty "metallurgy and heat treatment of metals" in 1966. In 1979 he defended his doctoral dissertation Dr of science. Has 65 years of experience in production engineering, research and teaching, including 20 years in higher educational institutions.

The Editors and Translators:

Holm Altenbach is Full Professor of Engineering Mechanics at the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanics (since 2011), and has been acting as Director of the Institute of Mechanics since 2015.

Konstantin Naumenko is Professor at the Institute of Mechanics, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg. Konstantin does research in Structural Mechanics, Materials Modeling and Mechanical Engineering.

Blurb

This book discusses several mechanical and material problems that are typical for gas turbine components.  It discusses accelerated tests and other methods for increasing the reliability of gas turbine engines. Special attention is given to non-traditional methods for calculating the strength characteristics and longevity of the main components. This first volume focuses on the selection of materials, deformation and destruction mechanisms in connection with stationary and non-stationary loading, and types of material damage such as the thermal fatigue. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the properties of single crystal alloys, the relationship between structure and properties, the influence of technological factors and long-term operation. The characteristics of creep resistance, crack resistance, and resistance to cyclic deformation of different alloys are given.