Marihuana: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Cellular Effects

ISBN-13: 9783642516269 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 556 str.

G. G. Nahas

Opis

2000 1800 1600 1400 '" "0 c 1200 5 c. '0 1000 c ill: J 800 t- 600 400 200 o -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 69 70 71 72 73 74 Year Removals of marihuana by USA federal authorities (domestic and foreign cooperative). (In order to roughly estimate the amounts consumed, the amounts removed are usually multiplied by six.) From "Hearings of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary (Subcommittee on Internal Security): Marihuana-Hashish Epidemic, Part II, The Continuing Escalation, May 8, 1975," U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975. then indicated that accumulation of these foreign molecules did not seem to affect permanently any of the vital functions over weeks and as "tolerance" to their use developed. months At the same time, studies by several cell biologists were published in close succession: Zimmerman, the Leuchtenbergers, Jakubovic, McGeer, Succiu-Foca, Armand, Nahas, and Mmishima all had inde pendently investigated the effects of marihuana products on cellular anabolism and cell division. A common conclusion emerged from their studies, which employed widely different models: cannabinoids 6 4 in concentrations of 10- to 10- M inhibit the synthesis of DNA, 9 RNA, and proteins in replicating eukaryote cells. Mechoulam's .6. _ THe and all natural cannabinoids tested-whether psychoactive or vi Preface not-as well as their metabolites which accumulated in tissues, inhib ited cell anabolism.

Spis treści

I Marihuana Chemistry.- Detection and Identification of Cannabinoids and of Their Metabolites.- 1 Cannabinoid Chemistry: An Overview.- 2 Detection and Identification of Compounds in Cannabis.- 3 Pyrolysis of Cannabinoids.- 4 Some Aspects of Cannabis Smoke Chemistry.- 5 Identification of Cannabinoids and Metabolites in Biological Materials by Combined Gas-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.- 6 Comparison of Various Solvent Extractions for the Chromatographic Analysis of A9- Tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Metabolites.- 7 Radioimmunoassay of Cannabis Products in Blood and Urine.- 8 Mass Fragmentographic Assays for the Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites.- 9 Examination of the Metabolites of ?1-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Mouse Liver, Heart, and Lung by Combined Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry.- 10 Identification and Quantification of Cannabinoids in Urine by Gallium Chelate Formation.- 11 Forensic, Metabolic, and Autoradiographic Studies of ?8- and ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.- Kinetics and Biotransformation.- 12 Cannabinoids: Metabolites Hydroxylated in the Pentyl Side Chain.- 13 Identification of Hydroxylated Cannabinoids by PMR and Mass Spectroscopy.- 14 The Pharmacokinetics of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Its Metabolites: Importance and Relationship in Developing Methods for Detecting Cannabis in Biologic Fluids.- 15 Rate of Penetration of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Hydroxy-?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to the Brain of Mice.- 16 Changes in the Metabolism of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Caused by Other Cannabis Constituents.- II Marihuana: Biochemical and Cellular Effects.- Effects on Isolated Cell Systems.- 17 The Influence of Marihuana on Eukaryote Cell Growth and Development.- 18 Inhibition of Proliferation and Differentiation of Dictyostelium Discoideum Amoebae by Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinol.- 19 ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Effect on Macromolecular Synthesis in Human and Other Mammalian Cells.- 20 In Vitro Inhibition of Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Rat Testicular Tissue by Cannabinoids.- 21 Cytological and Cytochemical Effects of Whole Smoke and of the Gas Vapor Phase from Marihuana Cigarettes on Growth and DNA Metabolism of Cultured Mammalian Cells.- 22 Effects of ?8-Tetrahydrocannabinol, ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Crude Marihuana on Human Cells in Tissue Culture.- 23 Errors of Chromosome Segregation Induced by Olivetol, a Compound with the Structure of C-ring Common to Cannabinoids: Formation of Bridges and Multipolar Divisions.- 24 Effect of ?1-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Red Blood Cell Membranes and on Alveolar Macrophages.- 25 Cannabinoids: Effects on Lysosomes and Lymphocytes.- 26 Inhibitory Effects of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Proteins in Cultured Lymphocytes.- 27 Cellular Alterations Induced in Vitro by ?1-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects on Cell Proliferation, Nucleic Acids, Plasma Cell Membrane ATPase, and Adenylate Cyclase.- 28 Cannabinoids and Neoplastic Growth.- Interactions with Neurotransmitters.- 29 A Comparison of the Subcellular Distribution of Cannabinoids in the Brains of Tolerant and Nontolerant Dogs, Rats, and Mice After Injecting Radiolabeled ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.- 30 Sites of Neurochemical Action of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Interaction with Reserpine.- 31 Effects of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on the Homosynaptic Depression in the Spinal Monosynaptic Pathway: Implications for Transmitter Dynamics in the Primary Afferents.- 32 Effects of Cannabinoids on Isolated Smooth Muscle Preparations.- 33 Effects of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinol on Rat Brain Acetylcholine.- 34 Cannabinoids and the Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis.- 35 Effects of Cannabinol Derivatives on Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Pituitary-Adrenal Function and Mitochondrial Respiration in the Rat.- Organic and Developmental Effects.- 36 The Immune Response and Marihuana.- 37 Teratologic Effects of Cannabis Extracts in Rabbits: A Preliminary Study.- 38 Alteration of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Prenatal Toxicity by Phenobarbital and SKF-525A.- 39 Pharmacogenetic Studies on Cannabis and Narcotics: Effects of ?1-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Morphine in Developing Mice.- 40 Permanent Learning Impairment After Chronic Heavy Exposure to Cannabis or Ethanol in the Rat.- 41 Cannabis Sativa Derivatives: Effects on Brain Function of Monkeys.- 42 Marihuana’s Effects on Human Gonadal Functions.- 43 Cellular Effects of Chronic Cannabis Use in Man.- Concluding Summary.