Mankind and Deserts 3: Wind in Deserts and Civilizations

ISBN-13: 9781786306326 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 208 str.

Guilhem Bourrie; Fernand Joly

Spis treści

Foreword ixYvette DewolfIntroduction: Aeolian Dynamics and Processes xiiiYann CallotChapter 1. Aeolian Landforms in Deserts 1Yann Callot1.1. Forms and surface states 11.2. Ablation forms 21.2.1. Desert pavement 21.2.2. Coherent rock landforms 51.2.3. A mixed ablation shape: hydro-aeolian depressions 151.3. Accumulation formations 161.3.1. Amorphous accumulations 181.3.2. Smaller aeolian formations 211.3.3. Sandy accumulations without sharp crests 271.3.4. Dunes with sharp crests 281.3.5. Combinations of sifs 361.3.6. Non-sandy aeolian accumulations 431.4. Aeolian systems 471.4.1. Initial combinations: arrow, elb and draa 481.4.2. Interdune spaces 501.4.3. Polygenic formations 521.5. Ergs, the most complex aeolian systems 601.5.1. Definition 601.5.2. The formation of ergs 611.5.3. From the stability of forms... to a whole new scale: the Grand Erg Occidental 651.6. Conclusion: a new paradigm to explain the organization and orientation of active dunes 701.7. Martian dunes, still mobile... 721.8. References 75Chapter 2. Humans and Winds in Deserts 79Yann Callot2.1. Traditional societies and the wind 802.2. The battle against sand encroachment, or the Barrel of the Danaids: the Zouerate railroads (Mauritania) 832.3. The Dust Bowl, the first ecological disaster of the 20th century in a developed country 872.4. The western Algerian Green Barrier, or an error in management 912.4.1. A "barrier" in an unfavorable physical environment 912.4.2. Difficult implementation 932.4.3. A basic error in understanding aeolian dynamics 982.5. References 105Chapter 3. Living in Deserts 107Marc Côte3.1. Humans and the desert 1083.1.1. A "desert civilization" 1083.1.2. There are deserts and then there are deserts 1083.1.3. The desert, Islam and oil 1103.1.4. Antagonistic and complementary civilizations 1103.2. Bedouin civilizations 1133.2.1. Nomads 1133.2.2. The power of the group 1143.2.3. Astonishing knowledge 1143.2.4. The fundamentals of pastoralism 1153.2.5. Nomad territories 1173.2.6. Collective lands 1183.2.7. Dromedaries and Bactrian camels 1203.2.8. A large-scale ecological transformation: desertification 1223.2.9. Social transformation: sedentarization 1233.2.10. New forms of pastoralism 1233.2.11. The new faces of group structure 1253.3. Hydraulic civilization 1263.3.1. Oasis life 1263.3.2. The fundamentals of hydraulic civilizations 1263.3.3. Water territories 1273.3.4. Cradles of hydraulic civilizations 1273.3.5. Hydraulic techniques 1293.3.6. Collective and individual hydraulic systems 1323.3.7. Modes of sharing a rare resource 1343.3.8. The diffusion of techniques 1343.3.9. Hot deserts and cold deserts 1373.3.10. Today: from small wells to deep drilling 1383.4. A salt civilization? 1403.4.1. Societies in quest of salt 1403.4.2. Salt territories 1413.4.3. The logistics of salt 1423.4.4. An important period in the history of the Sahara 1433.4.5. A salt civilization? 1443.5. Urban civilizations in the desert 1443.5.1. Cities 1443.5.2. The fundamentals of urban life 1453.5.3. The city and the road 1473.5.4. Networks of urban centers 1483.5.5. Capitals under the sun 1493.5.6. The city and water 1503.5.7. The city and the desert today 1533.6. Conclusion 1533.7. References 154List of Authors 157Index 159

O autorze

Fernand Joly (1917?2010) studied the Sahara at the Institut Scientifique Cherifien (Institut Scientifique de Rabat) in Morocco. He then entered the CNRS and Paris VII University, where he developed geomorphology and guidelines for cartography, pioneering digital data treatment. He is the author of Glossaire de geomorphologie.Guilhem Bourrie, a member of the Academie d?Agriculture de France, is a pedologist and geochemist. He has worked on water quality in soils in Brittany, Provence, Algeria, Brazil, Chile and Mexico.