Fernand Joly (1917?2010) studied the Sahara at the Institut Scientifique Cherifien (Institut Scientifique de Rabat) in Morocco. He then entered the CNRS and Paris VII University, where he developed geomorphology and guidelines for cartography, pioneering digital data treatment. He is the author of Glossaire de geomorphologie.Guilhem Bourrie, a member of the Academie d?Agriculture de France, is a pedologist and geochemist. He has worked on water quality in soils in Brittany, Provence, Algeria, Brazil, Chile and Mexico.