Section I. Analysing Health Systems: Concepts, Components, Performance: 1. Introduction to health systems: Setting the scene; 2. Health systems based on primary health care; 3. Universal health coverage and health system strengthening; 4. Health system governance: Concepts, principles and practice; 5. Financing health care: Revenue raising, pooling, and purchasing; 6. Health workforce in low and middle income countries: Concepts and dynamics unpacked; 7. The pharmaceutical system and its components: Regulation and management and associated challenges; 8. Health information systems: Data for decision-making in health systems; 9. The organization and management of health services; 10. Health services delivery: Key concepts and characteristics; 11. Role and contribution of the community in health system strengthening; 12. Performing health systems: Attributes and approaches to assessment; 13. Decision-making tools for informed decisions by health policymakers and managers; 14. Health policy and systems research: The role of implementation research; Section II. Transforming Health Systems: Confronting Challenges, Seizing Opportunities: 15. Universal health coverage and beyond: Health system interventions and intersectoral policies; 16. Pro-poor expansion of universal health coverage: Health financing strategies and options; 17. Health insurance for advancing universal health coverage: Disentangling its complexities; 18. From passive to strategic purchasing in low and middle income countries: The what and how of getting the most from limited resources; 19. Good governance and leadership for better health systems; 20. Developing a balanced health workforce: Understanding the health labor market dynamics; 21. Enhancing equitable access to essential medicines and health technologies; 22. Health information and information technology: The path from data to decision; 23. Using health research for evidence-informed decisions in health systems in L&MICs; 24. Integrated people-centred health care: What is it and how it's done!; 25. Strengthening hospital governance and management to become high-performing organizations; 26. Improving the quality and safety of health care in low and middle income countries: What works!; 27. Harnessing the contribution of the private health sector toward public health goals; 28. Public-private partnership in health care services; 29. Embedding people's voice and ensuring participatory governance: Lessons from the Thai experience in community engagement; 30. Achieving health-related sustainable development goals: Role of health systems strengthening; 31. The determinants of health systems: Upstream approach to addressing health and social inequities; 32. Integrating essential public health functions in health systems: Ensuring health security; 33. Engaging in a health care recovery process; 34. Health system response to the covid-19 pandemic: Fault lines exposed and lessons learned; 35. Understanding the global health architecture: Toward greater 'donor' independence; 36. Political economy of health reforms in low and middle income countries; 37. Better health systems for better outcomes: How to make it happen!