Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Central Nervous System Diseases: Functional Anatomy -- Imaging Neurological Symptoms -- Pathology

ISBN-13: 9783642725708 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 452 str.

Werner J. Huk; G. Nther F. Gademann; G. Friedmann

Opis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new and still rapidly developing imaging technique which requires a new approach to image interpreta tion. Radiologists are compelled to translate their experience accumulat ed from X-ray techniques into the language of MRI, and likewise stu dents of radiology and interested clinicians need special training in both languages. Out of this necessity emerged the concept of this book as a manual on the application and evaluation of proton MRI for the radiolo gist and as a guide for the referring physician who wants to learn about the diagnostic value of MRI in specific conditions. After a short section on the basic principles of MRI, the contrast mechanisms of present-day imaging techniques, knowledge of which is essential for the analysis of relaxation times, are described in greater de tail. This is followed by a demonstration of functional neuroanatomy us ing three-dimensional view of MR images and a synopsis of frequent neurological symptoms and their topographic correlations, which will fa cilitate examination strategy with respect to both accurate diagnosis and economy."

Spis treści

1 Physical Principles and Techniques of MR Imaging.- 1.1 Physical Principles.- 1.1.1 Historical Background.- 1.1.2 Properties of Atomic Nuclei.- 1.1.3 Situation in the Absence of an Applied Magnetic Field.- 1.1.4. Situation in the Presence on an Applied Magnetic Field.- 1.1.5 Resonance.- 1.1.6 Induction.- 1.1.7 Relaxation.- 1.1.8 Significance of Relaxation Times.- 1.1.9 Chemical Shift.- 1.2 Techniques of MR Imaging.- 1.2.1 Magnet.- 1.2.2 Radiofrequency Equipment.- 1.2.3 Surface Coils.- 1.2.4 Gradient System.- 1.2.5 Forming an Image.- 1.2.6 Central Control Unit.- 1.3 Pulse Sequences and Image Contrasts.- 1.3.1 Aspects of MR Image Quality.- 1.3.2 Pulse Sequences.- 1.3.3 Contrast Agents.- 1.3.4 Flow Phenomena.- 1.3.5 Image Artifacts.- 1.4 New Approaches in Clinical MR.- 1.4.1 Fast Imaging.- 1.4.2 Blood Flow and MR Angiography.- 1.4.3 Tissue Characterization.- 1.4.4 Spectroscopy and Chemical Shift Imaging.- References.- 2 Normal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System.- 2.1 Orientation.- 2.1.1 Organization of the Atlas.- 2.1.2 Coordinate Systems for the Central Nervous System.- 2.1.3 Ventricular System.- 2.1.4 Functional Systems.- 2.2 Cerebral Cortex.- 2.2.1 Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci.- 2.2.2 Functional Anatomy.- 2.3 Diencephalon and Basal Ganglia.- 2.3.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.3.2 Pituitary Gland.- 2.3.3 Hypothalamus.- 2.3.4 Thalamus.- 2.3.5 Functional Anatomy.- 2.4 Midbrain.- 2.4.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.4.2 Functional Anatomy.- 2.5 Posterior Fossa.- 2.5.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.5.2 Pons and Medulla Oblongata.- 2.5.3 Cerebellum.- 2.5.4 Basal Cranial Nerves.- 2.5.5 Functional Anatomy.- 2.6 Optical System.- 2.6.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.6.2 Functional Anatomy.- 2.7 Acoustic System.- 2.7.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.7.2 Functional Anatomy.- 2.8 Cerebral Blood Supply.- 2.8.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.8.2 Arterial System.- 2.8.3 Venous System.- 2.8.4 Supply Areas of the Cerebral Arteries.- 2.9 Spinal Cord.- 2.9.1 Basic Anatomy.- 2.9.2 Cervical Cord.- 2.9.3 Thoracic Cord.- 2.9.4 Lumbosacral Region.- 2.9.5 Functional Anatomy.- References.- 3 Practical Aspects of the MR Examination.- 3.1 Preparations.- 3.1.1 Explaining the Procedure to the Patient.- 3.1.2 Positioning.- 3.2 Examination Procedure.- 3.2.1 Anatomic Orientation.- 3.2.2 Demonstration or Exclusion of Disease.- 3.2.3 Differentiation of Disease.- 3.3 Sedation, Anesthesia, and Anesthesiology Monitoring During MR Examinations.- 3.3.1 Monitoring.- 3.3.2 Sedation.- 3.3.3 General Anesthesia.- 3.4 Side Effects and Contraindications.- 3.4.1 Biological Effects.- 3.4.2 Practical Effects.- References.- 4 Symptoms and Pathologic Anatomy: A Tabular Listing.- 5 General Aspects of the MR Signal Pattern of Certain Normal and Pathologic Structures.- 5.1 Brain Edema.- 5.2 Intracranial Hemorrhage and Iron Metabolism.- 5.3 Practical Aspects of Blood and CSF Flow.- 5.4 Effects of Radiotherapy on Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors.- 5.5 Effect of Contrast Agent (Gadolinium-DTPA) on the MR Appearance of Normal Tissue.- References.- 6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Childhood: Development and Pathology.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Technical Aspects.- 6.3 Normal Appearance.- 6.4 Intracranial Hemorrhage.- 6.5 Infarction.- 6.6 Cysts and Leukomalacias.- 6.7 Hydrocephalus.- 6.8 Congenital Malformations.- 6.9 White Matter Disease.- 6.10 Infection.- 6.11 Delays or Deficits in Myelination.- 6.12 Tumors.- 6.13 Other Diseases.- 6.14 Follow-Up Examination.- 6.15 Conclusion.- References.- 7 Malformations of the CNS.- 7.1 Review of Ontogeny.- 7.2 MR Imaging of CNS Malformations.- 7.3 Midline Closure Defects (Neural Tube Defects, Dysraphic Disorders).- 7.3.1 Midline Closure Defects of the Brain.- 7.3.2 Midline Closure Defects of the Cerebellum.- 7.3.3 Midline Closure Defects of the Spine.- 7.3.4 Dysraphic Disorders of the Spinal Cord.- 7.4 Malformations of the Commissures and Midline Structures.- 7.4.1 Holoprosencephaly.- 7.4.2 Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum.- 7.4.3 Anomalies of the Septum Pellucidum.- 7.5 Anomalies of Cell Migration.- 7.5.1 Ectopias and Heterotopias.- 7.5.2 Agyria, Pachygyria, Lissencephaly; Polymicrogyria, Stenogyria; Status Verrucosus.- 7.6 Destructive Anomalies.- 7.6.1 Hydranencephaly.- 7.6.2 Porencephaly.- 7.6.3 Schizencephaly.- 7.6.4 Multicystic Encephalopathy.- 7.6.5 Amnion’s Horn Sclerosis, Status Marmoratus, Status Demyelinisatus.- 7.6.6 Ulegyria.- 7.6.7 Hemispheric Atrophy.- 7.6.8 Putaminal Necrosis.- 7.7 Neuroectodermal Dysplasias.- 7.7.1 Tuberous Sclerosis.- 7.7.2 Neurofibromatosis.- 7.7.3 Encephalofacial Angiomatosis.- 7.7.4 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease.- 7.7.5 Other Neuroectodermal Dysplasias.- 7.8 Miscellaneous Abnormalities.- 7.8.1 Congenital Hydrocephalus.- 7.8.2 Microcephaly, Micrencephaly.- 7.8.3 Macrencephaly.- 7.8.4 Arachnoid Cyst.- References.- 8 Degenerative Disorders of the Brain and White Matter Diseases.- 8.1 Primary Neuronal (Gray Matter) Involvement.- 8.1.1 Congenital Causes.- 8.1.2 Acquired and Unexplained Causes.- 8.2 Primary Myelin (White Matter) Involvement.- 8.2.1 Congenital Causes.- 8.2.2 Acquired and Unexplained Causes.- 8.3 Primary Involvement of the Basal Ganglia and Brainstem.- 8.3.1 Congenital Causes.- 8.3.2 Acquired and Unexplained Causes.- 8.4 Primary Involvement with No Sites of Predilection.- 8.4.1 Congenital Causes.- 8.4.2 Acquired and Unexplained Causes.- References.- 9 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.- 9.1 MR Findings.- References.- 10 Intracranial Tumors.- 10.1 General Aspects of the Detection of Intracranial Tumors with MR.- 10.2 Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue.- 10.2.1 Astrocytic Tumors.- 10.2.2 Oligodendroglial Tumors.- 10.2.3 Poorly Differentiated and Embryonal Tumors.- 10.2.4 Ependymal and Choroid Plexus Tumors.- 10.2.5 Pineal Cell Tumors.- 10.2.6 Neuronal Tumors.- 10.3 Tumors of the Nerve Sheath Cells.- 10.4 Tumors of Meningeal and Related Tissues.- 10.4.1 Meningiomas.- 10.4.2 Meningeal Sarcomas.- 10.4.3 Primary Melanotic Tumors.- 10.5 Primary Malignant Lymphomas.- 10.5.1 Histiocytosis X.- 10.6 Tumors of Blood Vessel Origin.- 10.6.1 Hemangioblastoma.- 10.6.2 Monstrocellular Sarcoma.- 10.7 Germ Cell Tumors.- 10.7.1 Germinomas.- 10.7.2 Embryonal Carcinomas.- 10.7.3 Teratomas.- 10.8 Other Malformative Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions.- 10.8.1 Craniopharyngiomas.- 10.8.2 Rathke’s Cleft Cysts.- 10.8.3 Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts.- 10.8.4 Colloid Cysts.- 10.8.5 Enterogenous Cysts.- 10.8.6 Ependymal Cysts.- 10.8.7 Lipomas.- 10.8.8 Hypothalamic Neuronal Hamartomas.- 10.9 Tumors of the Pituitary.- 10.9.1 Tumors of the Anterior Lobe.- 10.9.2 Lesions of the Posterior Lobe.- 10.9.3 Other Lesions Related to the Pituitary.- 10.10 Local Extensions from Regional Tumors.- 10.10.1 Glomus Jugulare Tumors, Chordomas.- 10.10.2 Chondromas.- 10.10.3 Chondrosarcomas.- 10.10.4 Olfactory Neuroblastomas.- 10.10.5 Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas.- 10.11 Metastatic Tumors.- 10.12 Pseudotumor Cerebri.- References.- 11 Tumors of the Posterior Fossa.- 11.1 Intra-axial Tumors.- 11.1.1 Tumors of the Brainstem.- 11.1.2 Cerebellar Tumors.- 11.1.3 Differential Diagnosis of Intra-axial Expansive Lesions.- 11.2 Extra-axial Tumors.- 11.2.1 Neurinomas.- 11.2.2 Meningiomas.- 11.2.3 Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts.- 11.2.4 Glomus Jugulare Tumors.- 11.2.5 Chordomas.- 11.2.6 Differential Diagnosis of Expansive Extra-axial Lesions of the Posterior Fossa.- References.- 12 Diseases of the Eyeball, Orbit, and Accessory Structures.- 12.1 Technical Requirements.- 12.2 Examination Technique.- 12.3 Eyeball.- 12.3.1 Malignant Melanoma.- 12.3.2 Retinoblastoma.- 12.3.3 Choroidal Osteoma.- 12.3.4 Drusen of the Optic Disc.- 12.3.5 Rare Diseases of the Eyeball.- 12.4 Optic Nerve.- 12.4.1 Optic Nerve Glioma.- 12.4.2 Optic Nerve/Sheath Meningioma.- 12.5 Lacrimal Glands.- 12.5.1 Inflammations.- 12.5.2 Benign Tumors.- 12.5.3 Malignant Tumors.- 12.6 Ocular Muscles.- 12.6.1 Myositis.- 12.6.2 Endocrine Orbitopathy.- 12.6.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma.- 12.7 Orbit.- 12.7.1 Malignant Tumors.- 12.7.2 Benign Tumors.- 12.7.3 Osseous Lesions.- 12.8 Malformations.- 12.8.1 Neurofibromatosis.- 12.8.2 Meningocele and Meningoencephalocele.- 12.9 Trauma.- References.- 13 Vascular Diseases of the Brain.- 13.1 Disturbances of Arterial Blood Flow.- 13.1.1 Infarction.- 13.1.2 Peripheral Angiopathies.- 13.2 Disturbances of Venous Blood Flow.- 13.3 Hemorrhages.- 13.3.1 Intracerebral Hematomas Related to Vascular Disease.- 13.3.2 Extracerebral Hematomas.- References.- 14 Vascular Malformations.- 14.1 Vascular Malformations of the Brain.- 14.1.1 Angiographically Demonstrable Vascular Anomalies.- 14.1.2 Angiographically Occult Vascular Anomalies.- 14.2 Vascular Malformations Involving the Vertebral Canal.- 14.2.1 Localization.- 14.2.2 Classification.- References.- 15 Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System.- 15.1 General Aspects of the Inflammatory Process.- 15.1.1 Exudative Inflammation.- 15.1.2 Proliferative or Granulating Inflammation.- 15.2 Classification.- 15.3 Infections of the Meninges.- 15.3.1 Pyogenic Infections.- 15.3.2 Viral Infections: Aseptic Meningitis.- 15.4 Infections of the Brain Tissue.- 15.4.1 Bacterial (Pyogenic) Infections.- 15.4.2 Viral Infections.- 15.4.3 Parasitic Infections.- 15.4.4 Fungal Infections.- 15.5 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.- 15.6 Summary.- References.- 16 Head Injury.- 16.1 Intracranial Extracerebral Hemorrhages.- 16.1.1 Epidural Hematoma.- 16.1.2 Subdural Hematoma.- 16.2 Blunt Brain Injuries.- 16.2.1 Focal Injuries.- 16.2.2 Diffuse Injury.- 16.3 Open Head Injuries.- 16.3.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula.- 16.4 Other Sequelae of Injuries.- 16.4.1 Fat Embolism.- 16.4.2 Air Embolism.- 16.5 Late Sequelae of Head Injuries.- References.- 17 Diseases of the Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord.- 17.1 Examination Technique.- 17.2 Intraspinal Processes.- 17.2.1 Intramedullary Processes.- 17.2.2 Extramedullar Processes.- 17.3 Spinal Tumors.- 17.3.1 Tumors Arising from Bone.- 17.3.2 Tumors Arising from the Bone Marrow and Blood Cells.- 17.3.3 Tumors of Vascular Origin.- 17.3.4 Other Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions.- 17.4 Degenerative Diseases of the Spine.- 17.4.1 Intervertebral Disc Disease.- 17.4.2 Degenerative Changes in Bone.- 17.4.3 Spinal Stenosis.- 17.4.4 Postoperative Changes.- 17.4.5 Relative Values of Imaging Procedures in the Diagnosis of Disc Disease.- 17.5 Trauma.- References.- Glossary of Magnetic Resonance Terms.