MR Mammography (Mrm)

ISBN-13: 9783642772580 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 417 str.

Werner A. Kaiser

Opis

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer of women in the western hemisphere. This book presents a new imaging modality of the breast which improves the possibilities of mammography at a very high level: Cancers can be detected at a very early stage y MRM. The huge number ofbreast biopsies can be reduced dramatically. Even tiny breast cancers (e.g.3mm) can be detected. The prognosis for women with breast cancer will improve due to earlier detection.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Concepts.- 2.1 Basic Principles of MRI.- 2.1.1 Design of a Magnetic Resonance Unit.- 2.1.2 Radiofrequency Coils.- 2.1.3 Basic Conduct of the MRM Examination.- 2.2 Contrast Media in MRI.- 2.3 Medical Significance of Breast Tumors.- 2.4 Breast Imaging Modalities.- 2.4.1 X-Ray Mammography.- 2.4.2 Sonography.- 2.4.3 Thermography.- 2.4.4 Computed Tomography.- 2.4.5 Angiography.- 3 Brief Review of the Development of Magnetic Resonance Mammography.- 3.1 Development of MRM.- 3.2 Present Investigations.- 4 Present Indications for MRM.- 5 Optimum Procedure for the MRM Examination.- 5.1 History.- 5.2 Procedure.- 5.3 Problems and Sources of Error in MRM.- 5.3.1 Problems of Patient Selection.- 5.3.2 Problems of Positioning.- 5.3.3 Problems of Imaging.- 5.3.4 Errors in Injecting the Contrast Medium.- 5.3.5 Errors of Image Interpretation.- 6 Clinical Aspects.- 6.1 General Criteria for Image Interpretation.- 6.2 The Normal Breast.- 6.3 Carcinoma.- 6.4 Fibroadenoma.- 6.5 Cysts.- 6.6 Scars.- 6.7 Mastopathies.- 6.8 Special Cases.- 6.8.1 Status After Plastic Surgery.- 6.8.2 Inflammatory Carcinoma, Mastitis.- 6.8.3 Nipple and Skin Changes.- 6.8.4 Status After Irradiation.- 6.8.5 Postoperative Complications.- 6.8.6 Lactating Breast.- 6.8.7 Breast Diseases in Males.- 6.8.8 Apocrine Carcinoma.- 6.8.9 Cystosarcoma Phylloides.- 6.9 Comparison of the Results of MRM and X-Ray Mammography.- 7 Teaching Examples.- 8 Interpretation.- 8.1 General.- 8.2 The Normal Breast.- 8.3 Carcinoma.- 8.4 Fibroadenoma.- 8.5 Cysts.- 8.6 Mastopathies.- 8.7 Scars.- 8.8 Lactating Breast.- 8.9 Comparison of MRM Results with X-Ray Mammography.- 8.10 Future Outlook.- 9 Summary.- Appendix: Research on the Development and Optimization of the Examination Technique.- A.1 MRI Equipment.- A.2 Coils for Breast Examination.- A.2.1 Coil Development.- A.2.2 Comparison of Three Different Breast Coils.- A.3 Examination Parameters.- A.4 Spin-Echo Examination Technique.- A.5 Gradient-Echo Sequences: Test Phase.- A.6 Dynamic Examinations.- A.7 3D-Dynamic Gradient-Echo Examinations.- A.8 In Vitro Studies of MR Contrast Enhancement.- A.9 Two-Dimensional Multislice FLASH Sequence.- A. 10 Spectroscopic Examinations.- Acknowledgment.- References.

O autorze

To date, mammography has been the only effectve procedure in the diagnosis of breast cancer. However, due to its failure to detect small cancers and the recording of many false positive findings, a reliable alternative is needed. MRM, an imaging modality with a high accuracy rate, will become the method to choose in the future for the diagnosis of breast cancer.