Preface (Shigeki Matsuda).- 1. Characteristics and Problems of the Countermeasures Against Low Fertility in Japan: Reasons that Fertility is Not Increasing (Shigeki Matsuda).- 2. Determinants of the gap between desired and actual/expected number of children in Japan and South Korea (Jihey Bae).- 3. Lowest-low fertility in Singapore: Current state and prospects (Keita Suga).- 4. Where have All the Babies Gone? - An Educational Perspective on Singapore’s Low Fertility (SIM Choon Kiat),-Epiloge (Shigeki Matsuda).