Lightning Engineering: Physics, Computer-Based Test-Bed, Protection of Ground and Airborne Systems

ISBN-13: 9783030947279 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 324 str.

Paul Hoole;Samuel Hoole

Opis

This book gives a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the physics of lightning and protection systems, based on nearly 40 years of research, teaching, and consultancy work in this area. The book begins with an overview of the climatology of lightning and electric storms, as well as giving insight into lightning discharge from the preliminary discharges or processes such as corona, stepped leader, and subsequent return strokes, including the important submicrosecond threats and continuous current. The subsequent chapters present measures of lightning threat analysis to aircraft and electric power systems, protection measures to be used in high-voltage to low-voltage computer and communication systems, as well as to commercial and domestic buildings. The book discusses challenges posed by the submicrosecond lighting current changes and climate change to present and future high-voltage apparatus and structures (including carbon composite aircraft and new buildings) exposed to lightning strikes.Including worked examples, illustrations, and detailed analysis, Lightening Engineering will be of interest to electrical engineers, as well as researchers and graduate students.

Spis treści

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION

1.1 Lightning Flash General Characteristics and Damage Caused

1.2     The   Leader Stroke

1.3     The Return Stroke

1.3.1  The Empirical Mode

1.3.2  The Lightning Return Stroke Models

1.4     Lightning Radiated Electromagnetic  Pulses (LEMP)

1.5     Electromagnetic   Waves

1.6 Lightning Protection: An Introduction

1.6.1 Lightning Effects

1.6.2 Effects of Lightning on Aircraft

1.6.3  Lightning Effects on Electric Power Systems Network

1.6.4 Substation Protection Systems

1.7 Lightning, Climate, Upper Ionosphere and Other Planets

1.7.1 Effect of Temperature on Lightning

1.7.2 Effect of Lightning on Troposphere

1.8 Summary

Bibliography

 

Chapter 2.Thunderstorms and Pre-Lightning Electrostatics

Paul R.P. Hoole, Joseph Fisher and Samuel R.H. Hoole

Abstract.

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Formation of Thunderclouds

2.3 The Climatology of Lightning

2.3.1 Cloud Electrification

2.3.2 Cloud Electric Charge Formation

2.4 Negative Lightning Discharge Process  

2.4.1 The Negative Lightning

2.4.2 The Electric Discharge Process

2.5 Lightning-Aircraft Electrostatic Interactions

2.5.1 Two Types of Attachment Initiation

2.5.2 Aircraft-Triggered Lightning

2.5.3 Aircraft Intercepted Lightning

2.6 Probability of Lightning Strike to Aircraft

2.6.1 Factors affecting Probability

2.6 .2 Probability Dependence on Aircraft Size

2.6.3 Probability Dependence on Flight Profile

2.6.4 Probability Dependence on Geographic Area of Operations

2.7 Thundercloud Induced Electrostatic Charges

2.8 Pre-Lightning Flash Electrostatics of Thunderstorms: Analysis

2.8.1 The Electrostatic Fields

2.8.2 Aircraft and Electric Dipole Placements

2.8.3 Determining the Electric Charges Induced on an Aircraft and the Electric Fields Generated Around an Aircraft Body

2.8.4 Analysis of the Airbus A380 Aircraft Results

2.8.5 Zoning

2.8.6  A F16 Military Aircraft Flying between Two Charged Centers

2.8.7.1 F16 Electric Charge Model

2.9 Electrostatic fields of Pre-Lightning Thundercloud Environment

2.10 The Electrostatic Computation and Evaluation: a Computer Based Tool

2.11 Personal Lightning Safety

Bibliography 

Chapter 3. Lightning Protection of Domestic, Commercial and Transport Systems

3.1 General

3.2 Lighting Protection of Houses

3.2.1 An Overview

3.2.1.1 Damage from Lightning

3.2.1.2 Basic Protection against Lightning

3.2.1.3 Enhanced Protection against Lightning

3.2.2 Choosing Service Entrance Service Surge Protectors

3.2.3 Surge Current Rating

3.2.4 Ground Potential Rise

3.3 Protection of Boats

3.4 Protection of Photovoltaic (PV) systems

3.5 Protection of Frequency converter protection

3.6 Protection of Networks and Interactive Services

3.7 Protection of Wind Turbines

3.8 Historic Buildings

Bibliography

 

Chapter 4. Practice of Lightning Protection: Risk Assessment, External Protection, Internal Protection, Surge Protection, Air Termination, Down Conductor, Earthing and Shielding

4.1 Introduction

4.2 General Principles of Lightning Protection

4.3 Risk Management

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Risk Assessment: Basics

4.3.3 Advanced Risk Assessment

4.4 Inspection of Lightning Protection Systems

4.5 Internal Lightning Protection

4.5.1 Surge Protection Measures

4.5.2 Lightning Protection Zones

4.5.2.1 Outer Zones

4.5.2.2 Inner Zones

4.5.3 SPM Management

4.5.3.1 Outer Zones

4.5.3.2 Inner Zones

4.6 Equipotential Bonding for Metal Installations

4.6.1 Equipotential Bonding for Metal Installations at the Boundary of LPZ 0_A and LPZ 1

4.6.2 Equipotential Bonding for Metal Installations at Boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2

4.6.3 Protective Equipotential Bonding

4.6.4 Earth Termination for Equipotential Bonding

4.7 Equipotential Bonding for Information Technology (IT) Systems

4.7.1 Equipotential Bonding for Information Technology (IT) Systems

4.7.2 Equipotential Bonding for IT Systems at the Boundary of LPZ0_A and LPZ1

4.7.3 Equipotential Bonding for IT Systems at the Boundary of LPZ0_A and LPZ2

4.7.4 Equipotential Bonding for IT Systems at the Boundary of LPZ 1 and LPZ 2 and Higher

4.8 Protection of Antenna Systems

4.9 Protection of Optical Fiber Installations

4.10 Telecommunication Lines

4.11 Choosing Internal Lightning Protection System: Type of Surge Protection Device

4.12 External Lightning Protection

4.13 Air Termination Systems

4.14 Down Conductors

4.14.1 Determination of the Number of Down Conductors

4.14.2 Down Conductors for a Non-Isolated Lightning Protection System

4.15 Earth Termination System

4.16 Manufacturer’s Test of Lightning Protection Components

4.17 Shielding of Electrical and Electronic Systems against LEMP

4.14.1 Magnetic Field Calculations for Shielding

4.14.2 Calculation of the Magnetic Field Strength in Case of A Direct Lightning Strike

4.14.3 To Determine the Magnetic Field in Case of Nearby Lightning Strike

Bibliography

 

Chapter 5. Lightning Physics, Modelling and Radiated Electromagnetic Fields

5.1 Introduction: the Need for Computer Based Testbeds for Lightning Testing

5.2 Lightning Return Stroke

5.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Nature of the Lightning Return Strokes

5.2.2. Lightning Return Stroke Models

5.3 Analysis of Experimental Data of Lightning Return Stroke

5.3.1. Background

5.3.2  Lightning Current and Electromagnetic Field Measurements 

5.3.3 The Empirical Models: Lumped Circuit Model and the Curve Fitting Model

5.3.3.1        The Lumped Circuit Model (LCM)

5.3.3.2 The Curve Fitting Model (CFM)

5.4 The Distributed Circuit, Transmission Line Model (DLCRM)

5.4.1 Background to the DLCRM

5.4.2. The Transmission Line Dispersion Relation

5.4.2.1 Lightning Channel Resistance, Capacitance and Inductance

5.4.2.2 The Lightning Return Stroke Dispersion

5.4.3 Numerical Solution of the Transmission Line Wave Equation

5.4.3.1 The Finite Difference Solution of the Wave Equation

5.4.3.2 Testing the DLCRM Computer Code

5.4.4 Return Stroke Velocity and the Transmission Line Model.

5.4.4.1 Background

5.5. Negative Cloud to Ground Earth Flash Return Stroke: Simulated by the DLCRM

5.5.1 Background

5.5.2 LRS Currents from DLCRM Simulation

5.5.3 Calculation of the Electric and Magnetic Fields Radiated from the Lightning Currents

5.5.3.1 The Transient Electromagnetic Field Pulses (LEMP) Radiated from Lightning

5.5.3.2 Finite Length Antenna: a Basic Building Block for Antenna Simulation

5.5.3.3 Derivation of Electric Field Radiated by a Finite Line Element

5.5.3.4 Electric Field Radiated by a Line Element

5.5.3.5 Computed Electromagnetic Field Pulses LEMPs.

5.5.4 LRS Electric and Magnetic Fields Calculated from Currents Obtained from DLCRM Simulation

5.5.5 Summary

5.6 A Case Study: Lightning Interaction with Aircraft

5.6.1 Aircraft and Lightning Protection

5.6.2 Computation of Lightning Currents and Voltage on an Aircraft.

Bibliography

 

Chapter 6. Localisation and Identification Techniques for Acoustic and Radio Wave Signals Using Signal Wavefronts: with artificial intelligence techniques: Lightning Applications

K. Pirapaharan, Paul R.P. Hoole and Samuel R.H. Hoole

Abstract: 

6.1     Introduction

6.2     Methodology: Test Signals and Wavefronts

6.2.1 Methodology for Acoustic Signals

6.2.2            Methodology for Radio Wave Signals

6.3     Test Results

6.3.1 Test Results of Acoustic Signal Model

6.3.2  Test Results of Radio Wave Model

6.5 An Array Antenna for Direction Finding and Identity of Lightning Radiated Signals

6.6 Application of the Perceptron ANN for UHF Lightning Flash Detection

Bibliography

 

Chapter 7. Lightning Electrodynamics: Electric Power Systems and Aircraft

Joseph Fisher, Paul R.P. Hoole, and Samuel R.H. Hoole

Abstract.

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Lighting and Electric Power Systems

7.1.2 Lightning and Aircraft

7.2 Circuit Elements used in Back Flashover and Shielding Failure Performances

7.2.1 Tower Surge Impedance

7.2.2 Shield Wire Surge Impedance

7.2.3 Tower Ground Resistance

7.2.4 Conductor Circuit Elements

7.3 Lightning Flash Parameters

7.3.1 Ground Flash Density

7.3.2 Number of Lightning Strokes to the Line

7.4 Simulations of lightning flash to a Transmission Line

7.4.1 Back Flashover Analysis for 500 kV Transmission Line

7.4.2 Submicrosecond Analysis of Conductor Back Flashover Current at Substation Tower

7.4.3 Submicrosecond Analysis of Shielding Failure

7.4.4 Back Flashover, Shielding Failure Current Parameters and Mitigation of Flashovers

7.4.5 Summary

7.5 Lightning Flashover on Transmission and Distribution Lines

7.5.1 Back Flashover

7.5.2 Shielding Failure

7.5.3 Probability and Intensities of a Flashover

7.5.4 Factors Influencing Lightning Strike to Transmission Lines

7.5.4.1 Frequency of Lightning Incidences

7.5.4.2 Transmission Line Route Selection

7.5.4.3 Environmental Shielding

7.5.4.4 Effect of Tower Heights on Lightning Strike

7.5.4.5 Effects of Soil Resistivity on Lightning Strikes to Towers

7.6 Protection Measures to Reduce Impacts of Lightning on Transmission Lines

7.7 Lightning-Aircraft electric circuit models

7.7.1 The Basic Equations

7.7.2 The DLCRM Parameters of the Lightning Channel

7.7.3 The DLCRM Parameters of the Aircraft

7.7.4 The F16 Military Aircraft and Lightning Strike

7.7.5 The Airbus A380 Commercial Aircraft and Lightning Strike

7. 8 Swept Stroke Mechanism

7.9 Metallic Versus Carbon Fiber Composite Aircraft

7.10 Significance of Lightning Testing Standards and Certifications

7.10.1Direct Lightning Effects Protection

7.10.2. Indirect Lightning Effects Protection

7.10.3. Scaling Test Method

7.10.4 Measurements on Aircraft Struck by Lightning in Flight

7.11 Lightning Engineering: Present and Future

Bibliography

 Appendix STAT2ARC2EMP: A Computer Based High Voltage Testbed for Electrostatic and Transient Current Threats to Ground and Airborne Structures and Equipment: For Arcs and Lightning Flashes

O autorze

Prof. Paul R.P. Hoole was born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. After having his basic schooling in Jaffna, he earned all his degrees, first to postgraduate degrees, in the UK. He holds an M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering with a Mark of Distinction from the University of London and an M.Sc. degree in Plasma Science from the University of Oxford. His doctorate, the DPhil. degree, is from the University of Oxford. In his engineering career, he has spent time in Singapore, Papua New Guinea, USA, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Since the nineteen eighties, he has done extensive research in the field of lightning engineering, lightning interaction with aircraft, and lightning electromagnetics, and worked with the lightning consultancy group at the Culham Laboratory, Oxford. He has also consulted in the areas of lightning protection of the airport, telecommunication systems, and the electric power gird. His published research is in the areas of electromagnetic wireless communication/navigation antennas, electromagnetic brain technology and science, climate electromagnetics, and lightning-power systems and lightning-aircraft electrodynamics. He is married to Chrishanthy, a medical doctor. Beyond the time he devotes to engineering teaching and research, he and his wife engage with poor families and their school children in providing non-profit educational, medical, and personal development assistance.

Prof. Samuel R. H. Hoole, B.Sc. Eng. Hons Cey., M.Sc. with Mark of Distinction London, Ph.D. Carnegie Mellon, D.Sc. (Eng) London, has been a teacher and researcher in electrical engineering at several institutions in the USA, including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Michigan State University, Drexel University, and Harvey Mudd College. For his accomplishments in electromagnetic product synthesis, the University of London awarded him its higher doctorate, the D.Sc. (Eng.) degree, in 1993, and the IEEE elevated him to the grade of Fellow in 1995. He is presently Life Fellow. He has been Vice Chancellor of University of Jaffna in Sri Lanka and as Member of the University Grants Commission there, and was responsible with six others for the regulation of the administration of all 15 Sri Lankan universities and their admissions and funding. He has contributed widely to the learned literature on Tamil studies and been a regular columnist in newspapers. He has been trained in Human Rights Research and Teaching at The René Cassin International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France, and has pioneered teaching human rights in the engineering curriculum.